A page from Chorégraphie; ou, l'art de décrire la danse (1700), by Raoul-Auger Feuillet, with examples of the dance notation system originated by Pierre Beauchamp. Dance steps traced on the floor formed the basis of this system, which was the first important, widely used dance notation system.
Basic steps and formations
Ballet and modern dance
The style and movement vocabulary of classical ballet is rooted in the five turned-out positions of the feet: (1) heels touching and feet forming a straight line; (2) heels apart and feet forming a straight line; (3) one foot in front of the other with the heel against the instep; (4) feet apart, one in front of the other; and (5) one foot in front of the other with the heel against the joint of the big toe. Each ballet position has a corresponding port de bras, or position of the arms and hands.
Movements may be grouped into several broad types. First, there are quick, earthbound, linking steps—for example, the pas de bourrée, a flowing step that may be executed in any direction, and the glissade, a gliding step in which the dancer stretches one foot to the side, front, or back, then stretches the other and brings it in to meet the first.
Second, there are jumps, which may be low and light, with the feet battu (“beaten,” or crossed rapidly in front of and behind each other several times in midair). In the entrechat, the dancer takes off from the fifth position into a vertical jump. In an assemblé the dancer brushes one foot out to the side, front, or back while springing off of the other; the two feet then come together in midair (where they may be beaten), and the dancer lands in the fifth position. The pas de chat (“step of the cat”) is a jump to the side, with first one foot and then the other drawn up beneath the dancer’s body before landing in the fifth position. Higher, more vigorous jumps include the grand jeté, in which the dancer throws one leg forward into the air, hovers with the legs stretched to the front and back, and then lands on the front leg, either holding a position such as arabesque or attitude or else closing the back foot into the fifth position.
Grand jeté from Coppélia, choreographed by Enrique Martínez and performed by the American Ballet Theatre.Jack Mitchell
Arabesque and attitude are positions in which the dancer stands on one leg. In arabesque the other leg (called the working leg) is stretched straight out to the back; in attitude, it is bent and may be extended to either the front or the back.
Arabesque executed by Natalya Bessmertnova, with Nikolay Fadeychev, of the Bolshoi Ballet; Swan Lake.Novosti/Sovfoto
Turns include the pirouette, which is executed on one leg and on the spot, with the working leg held in a variety of positions, such as attitude, stretched out to the side (à la seconde), or with the foot held just above the ankle or at the knee. In the fouetté en tournant the working leg is whipped straight out to the side and then bent in, the foot being brought back to the knee of the supporting leg at each revolution. The piqué is a traveling turn, the dancer stepping out onto the supporting leg before turning on it (see piqué work).
All of these steps may be performed in numerous enchaînements, or combinations, and with the dancers grouped in many different formations. In classical ballet the formations tend to be symmetrical, with circles or lines framing the main dancers at centre stage. Adagio, or partner work, is crucial to ballet; the man may support the woman in a series of pirouettes or balances and may lift her in many ways. As a general rule, the pas de deux, solo, and group dance alternate fairly regularly, and in the classical pas de deux the two dancers generally separate for individual variations before coming together in a final coda.
Modern dance uses many of the steps and positions of classical dance but often in a very different style. The legs may be turned in and the feet flexed or held loosely rather than pointed (see below Types of dance: modern dance). There is much greater use of the torso, which may twist, bend, or crouch, and more rolls and falls, in which the dancer works on or close to the floor. Much postmodern dance uses ordinary movements, such as running or walking, as well as simple swinging, spiraling, or stretching movements that involve the entire body. Folk dance
Many of the steps used in folk dance, a term historians use to describe European traditional dances, comprise small hops and skips; running steps; and more vigorous steps such as the gallop, in which one leg slides to the front or side and the other leg is brought to meet it in the air with a small spring before the dancer lands on it, ready to slide the original leg forward again. Also common are simple turns, where the dancer pivots on one leg, and lifts, where the man catches his partner around the waist and lifts her into the air. Arm and body movements are usually simple and relaxed, with hands held at the waist or hanging at the sides and the body swaying in rhythm to the movement. In some dances the performers remain separate; in others, they hold hands, link arms, or clasp one another around the waist. Steps are usually repeated in long series, but they often follow quite complex and strictly ordered floor patterns—such as the figure eight, in which the dancers weave around one another. Whether single or in pairs, dancers are usually grouped in circles (often two concentric circles moving at the same time) or lines. Within these groupings there are many specific formations; for example, four or more dancers hold hands and move in a circle, or dancers join hands to form an arch under which the others can pass. Social dance
Except for display, social dances are rarely performed in any strict formation, although dancers may sometimes form themselves spontaneously into lines or circles. Ballroom dances are categorized instead by their step patterns, rhythms, and tempos. Some of the best-known social dances are the waltz, fox-trot, tango, rumba, samba, and cha-cha. The fox-trot is danced in moderate time, with two steps forward and two steps to the side executed in a slow-slow-quick-quick rhythm. The waltz is a three-step dance, and in the cha-cha five steps are executed in a four-beat measure with a slow-slow-quick-quick-slow rhythm.
The basic step patterns are elaborated by different turns, the dancers pivoting on one foot, as in the waltz, or changing direction while they walk, as in the fox-trot. There are also different kinds of walk—for example, the chassé, in which one foot slides to the front, side, or back, the other slides to meet it, and then the first slides forward again. In many ballroom dances the man and woman remain in the same hold throughout, facing each other or turned slightly to the side. The head may turn and the body sway or bend in response to the rhythm and footwork. In the cha-cha the man and woman may also dance separately. With more freedom to move the body and arms, the hips may sway with the steps and the arms swing rhythmically across the torso.
The basic steps of the original rock and roll dances are performed in the traditional ballroom hold. Dancers may then “break” in order to perform different lifts and turns. For example, the man may hold onto the woman’s hand and pivot her under his arm, the woman may jump up with her legs straddling the man’s waist, or the man may catch hold of the woman’s shoulders and slide her between his legs.