January 1, 1959
Cuban rebels succeed in overthrowing the repressive dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista with the aim of expanding rights for the Cuban people
1968
Revolutions led by students and workers sweep Europe and the Americas from Czechoslovakia and Poland to France and Mexico calling for democratic changes and an end to militarism
December 19, 1970
Lech Walesa and Anna Walentnyowicz launch the Council of Striking Workers that demands the creation of a union free from party control in Poland
September 11, 1973 Salvador Allende's democratically elected socialist government in Chile is overthrown in a military coup, with help from the CIA
1977
Wangari Maathai starts the Green Belt Movement in Kenya, organizing women throughout Africa to combat deforestation and soil erosion through nonviolent participatory democracy
February 1989
Poland is declared a democratic republic after Solidarity gains legal recognition as a self-governing trade union and joins a coalition to govern the country
JUNE 3, 1989
The Chinese government attacks and kills over a thousand protestors demanding democratic reforms at Tiananmen Square
April 27, 1994
Nelson Mandela is sworn in as President of South Africa culminating eighty-two years of struggle by the ANC and starting a transition away from Apartheid into majority rule and the creation of a more inclusive constitution and society
2012
Aung San Suu Kyi is elected to Parliament in Burma, after decades of struggle for democratic change
Notes
INTRODUCTION
1. Sir Winston Churchill, Speech in the House of Commons, November 11, 1947, Hansard. Verbatim transcripts of Parliamentary Debates in Britain. Hansard Archive (digitized debates from 1803), www.parliament.uk; http:// www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansard/cm071122/ haltext/1122h0002.htm (pt0002).
CHAPTER 1
The Code of Hammurabi, translated by L. W. King, http://www. general-intelligence.com/library/hr.pdf.
The Code of Hammurabi, translated by L. W. King, http://www. general-intelligence.com/library/hr.pdf.
Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, "Moche Politics in the Jequetepeque Valley: A Case for Political Opportunism," in New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, ed. Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo B. (Washington,
DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2010), 83, 88, 104, and 109n1.
Barbara Fash, William Fash, Sheree Lane, Rudy Larios, Linda Schele, Jeffrey Stomper and David Stuart, "Investigations of a Classic Maya Council House at Copan, Honduras," Journal of Field Archaeology, 19, no.4 (1992): 419-442.
Fekri A. Hassan, "The Dynamics of a Riverine Civilization: A Geological Perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt," World Archeology 29, no.1 (1997): 51-74; at 55, 56, 69.
Sandra Postel, Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999).
Lionel Casson, Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 2001), 36-37.
Donald Kagan, Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy (New York: Free Press, 1991), 138.
Solon Biography at http://www.PoemHunter.com; see also Life of Solon, by Plutarch About.com, http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_ plutarch_solon.htm.
Kagan, Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy, 15.
M. I. Finley, The Ancient Greeks (1963; repr., New York: Penguin Books, 1991), 30.
Pericles, "In Defense of Democracy," cited by Thucydides in The Peloponnesian War, http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/pericles_in-defense-of-democracy. html.
Plutarch, "Tiberius Gracchus," p. 3, translated by John Dryden, written in 75 CE, http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/tiberius.html.
Robin Lane Fox, The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian (New York: Perseus, 2002), 335.
Ibid., 335-36.
Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform 1250-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 139.
Patricia Crone, God's Rule: Government and Islam (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 66-69.
Ozment, The Age of Reform, 144.
"The Magna Carta" (The Great Charter), http://www.constitution.org/eng/ magnacar.htm.
John Hudson, "Magna Carta. The ius commune, and English Common Law," in Magna Carta and the England of King John, ed. Janet S. Loengard (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2010), 99-119, at 106.
CHAPTER 2
For material on Guru Nanak and the Sikhs, see J. S. Grewal, The
Sikhs: Ideology, Institutions, and Identity (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009); W. H. McLeod, Sikhs and Sikhism: Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion. Early Sikh Tradition. The Evolution of the Sikh Community. Who Is a Sikh? (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999); Kharak Singh, Guru Nanak: A Prophet with a Difference (Amitsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, 2007).
Singh, Guru Nanak, 37-93.
Quoted in Singh, Guru Nanak, 136.
Aurelio Espinosa, The Empire of the Cities: Emperor Charles V, the Comunero Revolt, and the Transformation of the Spanish System (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009), 61-62.
Alonso de Santa Cruz, cited in Henry Latimer Seaver, The Great Revolt in Castile: A Study of the Comunero Movement of 1520-21 (1928; repr., New York: Octagon Books, 1966), 222.
The formative work on the role of John Lilburne and the Levellers is Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution (1972; repr., New York and Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1982).
Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall provides powerful insights into the religious and political world of King Henry VIII. See Mantel, Wolf Hall (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2009).
John Lilburne, William Walwyn, Thomas Prince, Richard Overton, "An Agreement of the Free People of England. Tendered as a Peace-Offering to this distressed Nation." May 1, 1649, http://www.constitution.org/eng/agreepeo.htm.
Ann Hughes, "Lilburne, Elizabeth," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/67256.
10. Cited in J. P. S. Uberoi, Religion, Civil Society and the State: A Study of Sikhism (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), 69-70.
CHAPTER 3
1. There is a rich bibliography on Paul Revere. For a sampling, please consult David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere's Ride (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994); Esther Forbes, Paul Revere & The World He Lived In (1942; repr., New York: Mariner Books, Houghton-Mifflin Harcourt, 1999); and Jayne
E. Triber, A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998).