France: education in, 102; French Revolution and, 36-39, 44-45; migrations to, 96; suffragist movements in, 66; Vietnam and, 101-2 Franco, Francisco, 112 Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman
Emperor, 51 freedom of speech and publication, 3 French Revolution, 36-39, 44-45 fueros (charters), 16
Gaddafi, Muammar, 125 Galindo, Hermila, 66 Gandhi, Manilal, 79 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand
(Mahatma): in India, 83-84, 84, 113; in South Africa, 77, 79, 90 Garrison, William Lloyd, 37 Garzon, Balthazar, 120 Gaulle, Charles de, 102, 105 genital cutting, 113
German Democratic Republic (GDR, East
Germany), 96, 97-98 Germanic peoples, 13-14 Germany, 52, 85-86, 100. See also Federal Republic of Germany (BRD, West Germany); German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) Gill, John, 32 Goebbels, Josef, 85 Goering, Hermann, 85 Gomez, Maximo, 58 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 116 Gouges, Olympe de, 37
Gracchus, Gaius, 11, 12, 13 Gracchus, Tiberius, 11-13, 12 grass-roots organizations, 32 Great Leap Forward (China), 121 Greece, 7-11, 126 Guadeloupe, 53
Haiti, 37
Hakka people, 56
Hammurabi of Babylonia, 5-6, 6
Havel, Vaclav, 100
Henry II, King of England, 17
Henry VIII, King of England, 26-27
Hidalgo, Miguel, 47, 48
higher education, 95-96
Hindu caste system, 20
Hinduism, 19-21
Hirohito, Japanese Emperor, 85
Hitler, Adolph, 85, 100
Ho Chi Minh, 101
Holland, 96
Honduras, 61
Hong Jen-kan (Hong Rengan), 57-58
Hong Xiuquan, 56
Horton, Myles, 91
Hu Yaobang, 121
human rights, 86
hunger strikes, 110, 122
Hutchinson, Thomas, 34
imam (spiritual leader), 15-16 India, 77, 83-85, 96, 113 indigenous people, 36 Indochinese Communist Party, 101 International Military Tribunal at
Nuremberg, 85-86 internet, 3 Iran, 99
Iraq, 15. See also Mesopotamia Isabella I, Queen of Castile, 21-22 Islam, 14, 15-16, 20-21 Italy, 50, 51-52, 85. See also Roman Empire; Roman Republic
Jacobs, Aletta, 70 Japan, 83, 85 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 116 Jefferson, Thomas, 43 Jesus of Nazareth, 14 Jews, 21-22
Jimenez y Muro, Dolores, 65
Jodl, Alfred, 85
John, King of England, 17
John Paul II, Pope, 115
Joseph, St. (Sao Jose), 44
Juana, Queen of Castile and Leon, 22
Juarez, Benito, 49
Judaism, 14
juntas (governing committees), 47
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 85 Kenya, 109-10, 110 King, Martin Luther, Jr, 93 Kirkwood, Julieta, 119 Kovacs, Janos, 125
Lacombe, Louise, 39 Lafayette, Marquise de, 38 Laos, 101
Latin America, 47. See also specific
countries Lawson, Louisa, 58 League of Nations, 86 Lenin, Vladimir I. , 68, 71, 72 Leon, Pauline, 39 Levellers, 26-30 Libya, 125
Lilburne, Elisabeth, 26-30 Lilburne, John, 26-30, 78 I Lombardi (Verdi), 51 Long Walk to Freedom (Mandela), 90 Louis XVI, King of France, 38 Louis-Phillip of Orleans, 51 Lovett, William, 50 Luxemburg, 96 Luxemburg, Rosa, 67, 68, 72
Maathai, Wangari, 109, 110, 110
Maceo, Antonio, 58-61, 59
Maceo, Jose, 60
Maceo, Marcos, 58
Madero, Francisco, 62, 64
Madison, James, 44
Magna Carta (1215), 17
Mandela, Nelson, 80, 88-90
Mao Zedong, 74
Marat, Jean-Paul, 39
Mardana, Bhai, 18-19
Marshall, Thurgood, 98
Marti, Jose, 61
Martinique, 53
Matomela, Florence, 89
Maximilian of Austria, Holy Roman
Emperor, 22 Maya people, 7 Mesopotamia, 5-6 Metternich, Klemens von, 49, 52 Mexican Revolution, 62, 64-66, 76 Mexico, 47-49, 62-66, 76, 106-8. See
also Maya people Moche state, 6-7 Montana, Otilio, 65 Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56), 77 Morelos, Jose Maria, 47-49 Moroka, J. S., 88 Mott, Lucretia, 53-54 Mubarak, Hosni, 125 Muhammad, 15 Muraev, Suroji, 49-50
Mussolini, Benito, 85
Mu'tazilites, 15-16
Myanmar (Burma), 112, 122-25, 124
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 92, 98 Naidu, Sarojini, 113 Nanak, Guru, 18-21, 30 Napoleon Bonaparte, 46-47, 49 Napoleon III, 101 natural resources, 108-10 Nazi Germany, 85-86, 100 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 84, 84 New Zealand, 58, 66 newspapers, 29, 32, 46-47,
51-52, 54-55 Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 49-50 Nigeria, 72-74 Nixon, E. D., 92-93 Nixon, Richard M. , 117 Nobel Prize, 116, 122
Opium War (1839-42), 55 Overton, Mary, 29 Overton, Richard, 26, 29
Pacheco, Maria, 24, 25, 30
Padilla, Juan de, 23-26, 23, 36
Pakistan, 77, 84-85, 96
Palm d'Aelders, Etta, 38
Parks, Rosa, 79, 90, 91-92
participatory democracy, 2-3
passive resistance, 77, 79, 83
Pericles, 8, 10
Peru. See Moche state
Pestel, Pavel, 49-50
Philip I, King of Castile and Leon, 22
Philip II, King of Macedonia, 10
Philippines, 47
Pinochet, Augusto, 113, 118-120 Plato, 10
Poland, 112, 114-17, 116 Politics (Aristotle), 16 Pombal, Marques de, 42 Popieluszko, Jerzy, 116 press, 46-47. See also newspapers press censorship, 100 Prince, Thomas, 29 print, 32-34. See also newspapers public schools, 98-99
Qing Dynasty, 55-58, 74 Quakers, 53
Radio Free Europe, 115 Randolph, A. Philip, 92 Reconquest, 16 religious movements, 14 representative democracy, 2-3
Revere, Paul, 31-33
Richard I, King, of (Richard the Lion
Heart), 17 Robinson, JoAnn, 91 Roman Empire, 13-14 Roman Republic, 11-13 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 86 Russia, 49-50, 66-68, 70-72, 76. See also Soviet Union
Saadawi, Nawal el, 113 Sangats (meetings), 18, 19 Santo Domingo, 61 Scandinavia, 96 Schwimmer, Rosika, 68-70, 69 secret ballot, 50 Senegal, 53
serfs (feudal peasants), 49
Sikhs, 18-21, 19
Silinga, Annie, 89
Sisulu, Walter, 80
slavery, 37, 41, 43-44, 53-54
Socrates, 10
Solon, 8, 9
South Africa, 77-82, 82,
86-91, 94, 96 South Asia, 18-21, 30 Soviet Union, 100, 116-17.
See also Russia soviets: in China, 75, 121; in Russia, 67,
71-72, 76 Spain: democratic movements in, 126; Muslims in, 16; Napoleon Bonaparte and, 47; urbanization in, 21-26, 30, 36; women's movements in, 112-13 Sparta, 10
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 53-55 Stanton, Henry, 53 strikes: in East Germany, 97-98; in France, 103-6; in India, 83; in Mexico, 65; in Poland, 114-17 student demonstrations: in China, 74-75, 121-23, 122; in France, 101-6, 104; in Mexico, 106-8; Vietnam War and, 101-6, 104; in West Germany, 99-100, 102 students, 95-96 Sufis, 20 Sun Yat-sen, 74 Switzerland, 96
Taiping Rebellion (China), 55-58 Tambo, Oliver, 80 taxation, 17, 20, 33, 42, 72-74 Ten Commandments, 14 Ten Years' War (1868-78), 60 Teresa of Avila, Santa, 25 Teutonic Knights, 16-17
Tiananmen Square Uprising (China), 121 Tin Oo, U, 125
Tiradentes (Joaquim Jose da Silva Xavier), 42, 42
Toussaint l'Ouverture, Fran^ois-
Dominique, 37 trade unions, 50, 66-67 Trotsky, Leon, 72 Tunisia, 125-26 Turkey, 96 Turner, Nat, 37
Umar, 15
umma (community), 15 United Nations, 86
United Nations Economic, Social, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 86 United States: Chile and, 117, 118; Civil Rights movement in, 77, 90, 91-94, 99, 113; Constitution and, 3; democratic movements in, 126; higher education in, 95-96; racial discrimination in, 77; segregation and desegregation in, 81, 98-99; slavery in, 43, 53-54; Vietnam and, 101-2; women's suffrage movements in, 53 -55; workers' rights in, 65. See also American colonies Universal Declaration of Human Rights