For this article, I'm assuming you have Microsoft Visual C++, and the DirectX 8.1 SDK. If not, please adapt to portions of this article accordingly. Anyway, start up Visual C++, and create a new Win32 Application project. Then go into your DirectX SDK's samples\multimedia\common\include directory, and copy dxutil.h and ddutil.h to your project folder. Then go to samples\multimedia\common\src, and do the same with dxutil.cpp, and ddutil.cpp. Add the four files to your project, and link to the following libraries: dxguid.lib, ddraw.lib, winmm.lib. Now, you create a new C++ source file document, and add it to your project as well. This will be the file we'll work with throughout the tutorial.
The CodeNow that we've got that out of the way, we can get down and dirty with some actual code! Let's start off with this:
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
#include "dxutil.h"
#include "ddutil.h"
Standard procedure here. We #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN, so all that icky MFC stuff doesn't bloat our program (just a good practice if you aren't using MFC). Then we include dxutil.h, and ddutil.h, the two centerpieces of this article. They provide shortcut classes to make programming with DirectX in general less taxing.
//globals
bool g_bActive = false;
CDisplay *g_pDisplay = NULL;
CSurface *g_pText = NULL;
//function prototypes
bool InitDD(HWND);
void CleanUp();
void GameLoop();
Pretty self explanatory. Our first global, g_bActive, is a flag to let our application know whether or not it's okay to run the game. If we didn't have this flag, our application could potentially attempt to draw something onto our DirectDraw surface after it's been destroyed. While this is usually a problem at the end of the program where it isn't that big of a deal, it generates an illegal operation error, and we don't want that, now do we? g_pDisplay is our display object. CDisplay is the main class in ddutil. It holds our front and back buffers, as well as functionality for accessing them, drawing surfaces onto them, creating surfaces, etc. g_pText is our text surface. We will draw text onto this surface (as you've probably figured out), and blit it onto our screen. Note how both objects are pointers, and are initialized to NULL.
Now for the function prototypes. InitDD() simply initializes DirectDraw. Thanks to the DDraw Common Files, this is a fairly simple procedure (but we'll get to that later). CleanUp() calls the destructor to our g_pDisplay object, which essentially shuts down DDraw, and cleans up all of our surfaces. GameLoop() is obviously where you'd put your game.
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
switch(uMsg) {
case WM_CREATE:
InitDD(hWnd);
g_bActive=true;
break;
case WM_CLOSE:
g_bActive=false;
CleanUp();
DestroyWindow(hWnd);
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
break;
case WM_MOVE:
g_pDisplay->UpdateBounds();
break;
case WM_SIZE:
g_pDisplay->UpdateBounds();
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
break;
}
return 0;
}
Standard Windows Procedure function here. On the WM_CREATE event, we initialize DirectDraw, and set our g_bActive flag to true, so our GameLoop() function is executed. When WM_CLOSE is called, we want to set our active flag to false (again, so our app doesn't try to draw to our DDraw screen after its been destroyed), then call our CleanUp() function, and finally destroy our window. It's important that you handle the WM_MOVE and WM_SIZE events, because otherwise DirectDraw will not know the window has been moved or resized and will continue drawing in the same position on your screen, in spite of where on the screen the window has moved.
bool InitDD(HWND hWnd) {
//dd init code
g_pDisplay = new CDisplay();
if (FAILED(g_pDisplay->CreateWindowedDisplay(hWnd, 640, 480))) {
MessageBox(NULL, "Failed to Initialize DirectDraw", "DirectDraw Initialization Failure", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return false;
}
return true;
}
The infamous InitDD() function… but wait, it's only several lines! This is what the common libs were made for! We now have all the DirectDraw setup garbage out of the way, effortlessly! Again, you'll notice that it's done a lot for you. If you don't really care to know the exact procedure of what has been abstracted from you, at least get the gist of it. It will help out if you have to go back and change the cooperative level or whatnot. Note that this is a boolean function, so if you like, you can do error checking (which I, for some reason or another, decided to omit in this article).
void CleanUp() {
SAFE_DELETE(g_pDisplay);
}
Simple enough. This function calls on the SAFE_DELETE macro defined in dxutil to delete our display object, and call the destructor.
void MainLoop() {
g_pDisplay->CreateSurfaceFromText(&g_pText, NULL, "DDraw using Common Files", RGB(0,0,0), RGB(0,255,0));
g_pDisplay->Clear(0);
g_pDisplay->Blt(0, 0, g_pText, 0);
g_pDisplay->Present();
g_pText->Destroy();
}
This is where you'd want to put your game. In order to give you an example of how surface objects work, we've made a simple text surface and drawn some text onto it. Note that we destroy g_pText at the end, because it is recreated every cycle and not doing so would eventually eat up quite a bit of memory.
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int iShowCmd) {
WNDCLASSEX wc;
HWND hWnd;
MSG lpMsg;
wc.cbClsExtra=0;
wc.cbSize=sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wc.cbWndExtra=0;
wc.hbrBackground=(HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
wc.hCursor=LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wc.hIcon=LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.hIconSm=LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.hInstance=hInstance;
wc.lpfnWndProc=WndProc;
wc.lpszClassName="wc";
wc.lpszMenuName=0;
wc.style=CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
if (!RegisterClassEx(&wc)) {
MessageBox(NULL, "Couldn't Register Window Class", "Window Class Registration Failure", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return 0;
}
hWnd = CreateWindowEx(NULL, "wc", "DirectDraw Common Files in Action", WS_POPUPWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 640, 480, 0, 0, hInstance, 0);
if (hWnd == NULL) {
MessageBox(NULL, "Failed to Create Window", "Window Creation Failure", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return 0;
}
ShowWindow(hWnd, SW_SHOW);
UpdateWindow(hWnd);
while (lpMsg.message != WM_QUIT) {
if(PeekMessage(&lpMsg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
TranslateMessage(&lpMsg);
DispatchMessage(&lpMsg);
} else if(g_bActive) {
MainLoop();
}
}
return lpMsg.wParam;
}
The longest function in our application, WinMain(). As usual, we setup our window class, create our window, show and update it, and go into the message loop. The loop is different from usual because we dont want the processing of our game to interfere with the processing of messages. We use our g_bActive flag to see if its safe to call our game loop, which involves blitting things onto the screen, and at the end of it all we finally return lpMsg.wParam (I'm honestly not sure why, but thats how it's done in every other Win32 app, so oh well).