Baroda, city of, 397–9, 402
Basil, St, 122–4, 126, 339
Basilides, 94–5, 101, 102, 105, 168
the Beatles, 472–3, 474, 475–7, 479–80, 481, 497–8
Bede, 172–7, 188, 201, 320, 464, 470
Beijing, 329–30, 332, 333–6, 342–3
Belgian Congo, 482
Bell, George, 469
Bellarmino, Roberto, 339–40, 341
Benedict Biscop, 173–4
Berlin, 405, 410, 451–2, 453, 454, 455–6, 457–8
Bern, 313
Bernard of Clairvaux, St, 509
Bernardino, St, 274–5, 432
Béziers, 244, 245, 250, 387
Biblia (‘the Books’), 195; Christian use of singular word ‘Bible’, 254; missionary translations of, 328; Ussher and date of creation, 420; see also New Testament; Old Testament
Bisitun, Mt, 412–13
Blandina (martyred slavegirl), 93, 95
Bobbio, monastery at, 159, 160
Bohemia, 276–7, 278–9, 280–4, 324
Boleyn, Anne, 309, 316
Bologna, 259; University at, 220–1, 222–3
Bolsheviks, 442, 452–4, 457
bonfire of the vanities, 274
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 465–6, 469
Boniface VIII, Pope, 257, 261
Boniface, St, 185–6, 187–90, 196, 268, 320, 399, 445, 458–9, 483; felling of Thunor’s oak, 189, 191, 320
Brauron (east of Athens), 12
Brazil, 330
Britain: Gregory’s Christian mission to, 171, 175, 319, 320; elements of Exodus in origin story, 174–5, 176; Anglia (Englalonde), 176; Viking invasion defeated by Athelstan (937), 201; anti-Semitism in, 253; cult of Little Saint Hugh, 253; Jews expelled from, 254; Reformation in, 308–9, 312–13; Mary Tudor reconciles with Rome, 313; Calvinism in, 316–17; Elizabethan Protestantism, 316–17, 318–19; the ‘Diggers’ in, 347–50, 352, 357, 382, 442, 453–4, 480; English Commonwealth/Protectorate, 347–55, 356–8, 359; English Civil War, 348, 350–1, 352, 353; execution of Charles I, 348; Restoration (1660), 359; Act of Union (1707), 365; Voltaire on tolerance in, 375; abolition of slave trade (1807), 395; First World War, 443–4, 445–6, 451; Second World War, 460–1, 463, 468–9, 473; Stop the War Coalition (2004), 492, 493; see also Anglo-Saxons
Brown, James, 475–6
Buckland, William, 420–1, 422, 428
Bush, George W., 489–91, 492, 494
Byzantine empire, xix–xx, 153, 162–4, 169, 176, 180–1, 278, 285
Caecilian (bishop of Carthage), 110, 111–12, 113, 116, 117
Caesarea (Cappadocia), 123–6
Caesarea (Judaea), 104–7
Cajetan, Thomas, 292–3, 294–6, 299, 300, 301, 367
Calas, Jean, 371–3, 374, 375–6, 377–8, 379, 387
Calvin, John, 313–16, 320, 350, 351, 511; and routing of idolatry, 316–17, 319, 323; and apartheid in South Africa, 486–7
Calvinism: in Geneva, 313–16; the elect, 314–15, 319, 326–7; predestination, 314–15, 319, 323; presbyters (‘elders’), 315, 319, 350; in Britain, 316–17; slaughter of Calvinists in France (1572), 317–18; Dutch ‘Reformed Church’, 318, 323–5, 359, 360–1; in Leiden, 323; French persecution of Huguenots, 371–3, 374, 375–6, 377–8, 379; Afrikaners, 485–7, 489
Cambrai, 206–7, 208, 213–14
Canaan (later Judaea), 34, 37–8, 42, 45–6, 48, 54
Canossa, 212, 220, 239
Canterbury, 171, 172–3
capitalism, 435–8, 439, 441, 442, 489
Cappadocia, 122–6, 165
Caracalla, Emperor, 99–101, 102, 104, 107, 112, 115
Caravaggio, xxi–xxii
cardinals, 257
Carnegie, Andrew, 435–8, 439
Carolingians, 180, 190–200
Carthage, 108–9, 110–11, 113, 116; and Constantine’s Christian sympathies, 111–12; recaptured for the Empire, 162; forcible baptism of Jews, 162–3, 164, 169; Christianity in, 169–70; falls to the Saracens, 170–1, 176
Cassander, 23, 24
Castile, 246, 248, 286–7, 290, 309
Castlereagh, Lord, 393–4, 395
Cathars (Cathari), 241–2, 247
cathedrals, 229–30, 405–7
Catherine of Aragon, 309, 313
Catherine of Siena, St, 264–6, 267, 269, 271
Catholic Church: Donatist schism, 110–18, 138, 206, 442; systems of social security, 121–2, 426–7; and Gregory’s reformatio project, 209–15, 216–17, 218–19, 221, 232–3, 241–2, 252–3, 270, 273, 279, 311; emergence of term ‘Christendom’, 218; separation of church from state, 218–20; system of law, 220–1, 225–6; Church Fathers, 221–2, 339; natural philosophy, 228, 249, 335–43, 360–3, 423–4, 431; revolutionary zeal cools, 233, 277, 279–80; thirteenth-century agitators and preachers, 233–4; reconquest of lands lost to the Saracens, 247, 286–7; status of women, 255–61; as impediment to change, 277–8, 279–80; and Hussites, 280–4, 299–300; and brutality in New World, 287–93, 331; Luther’s attack on power of, 298, 300–2; Mary Tudor reconciles with, 313; papal legate to Mary Tudor (1554), 319; Thirty Years War, 324–5, 341–2, 343, 353, 354; astronomers in China, 329–30, 332–6, 342–3; strategy in sixteenth century, 330–1; and French Revolution, 379–81, 382, 386, 387–9; and de Sade, 390–2; narrative of as backward/bigoted in medieval era, 430–1; see also papacy
charity: Julian in Galatia, 120–1, 123; Christian, 121–2, 123–6, 130–5, 140, 325, 426, 465, 481–2; Basileias at Caesarea, 124; and Paulinus, 133, 134–5, 136, 137, 138; Augustine of Hippo on, 138, 139; under ‘natural law’, 223; in Calvin’s Geneva, 315–16; implications of evolutionary theory, 426–7; and Carnegie, 437; Nietzsche’s view of, 448, 449–50, 455; Live Aid (1985), 480–1; Band Aid, ‘Do They Know It’s Christmas?’, 481, 482, 483
Charlemagne, 191–5, 197, 200, 289; project of correctio, 195–7, 204–5
Charles I, King of England, 348, 352
Charles V, King of Spain, 291, 299, 301, 302–3, 309, 312, 318
Charles ‘Martel’, 177–8, 190
Charlie Hebdo (French satirical magazine), 505–7
chemistry, 429
Chiang Kai-shek, xxiv
Chiaravalle, abbey of, 255–7
children: exposure of unwanted babies, 125–6; baptism of infants, 310, 312, 351
China, xxiv, 329–30, 331–3, 342; Confucian philosophy, 332–5, 342–3; belief in cycles/poles, 333–4, 335
Christianity: ecclesia or ‘assembly’ of, xx; enduring power of, xxii–xxvi, xxviii–xxix, 517, 521–2, 524–5; notion of revolution, xxiii, xxv, 69, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 187–8, 279, 376, 479, 523 see also Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand); as universal faith, xxiii–xxvi, 68–9, 71–3, 74, 85, 96, 106, 115, 169, 209–20, 227, 293, 332–3, 523–4; international dating system, xxiv, 173, 188; primacy of love, 66–9, 72, 75, 123–4, 149, 169, 222, 271, 328, 353–4, 472–9, 487, 503, 516; and Greek philosophy, 77–8, 87, 104–6, 154–5; persecution of in Rome, 83–4, 90; and Roman destruction of the Temple (ad 70), 84–5, 86–7, 163; coining of term, 85*; in Gaul, 89–90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 97–8; in second-century Roman empire, 89–92; persecution in Rhône valley (ad 177), 91–2, 93–4, 95, 98; threat of local persecution in Roman world, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 98; orthodoxia (true path of belief), 94–6; as katholikos (‘universal’), 96; canon, 97, 114–16, 241; belief in common ethnos, 98; identity as defined by belief, 98, 106; invention of Judaism concept, 102, 144, 410; origin of name, 102; Jewish scripture in canon, 103; and Roman decree ordering sacrifice (250), 107–8; in Carthage, 108–9, 110–11, 113, 116, 169–70; and imperial edict on scripture (303), 109, 110–11; bishops in Roman cities, 109–14, 122, 123–6, 129–32, 139–40, 144, 155, 200; traditores (handers-over of scripture to persecutors), 110–11; Constantine’s sympathies for, 111–17, 118; Nicaean Creed (325), 114–16, 168, 221, 241; Julian repudiates, 119–21, 122; and the rich in Roman world, 132–7; rejection of sacrificial offerings, 143, 144; invention of paganism, 144; and Satan’s story, 146–8, 150; day of judgement, 151–4, 155, 166, 175, 252, 388, 454; conversion of warlords in Britain, 172–3, 175–6, 187; borrowings from paganism, 188; Nova consilia (teachings of Gregory), 215; embrace of mystery and reason, 223–8, 229–30, 247–51, 260, 320–1; spiritual discipline, 236–8; Voltaire’s campaign against, 373–9; and Karl Marx, 439–42, 453; Nietzsche’s contempt for, 447–50, 455, 515, 516, 518; Soviet persecution of, 453–4; and fascism, 456, 457–8, 459–60, 463–8; campaign for civil rights in USA, 474–7, 515; faith of African Americans, 475–6; Western repackaging of concepts, 496, 504–5; and America’s culture wars, 512–17; see also Calvinism; Catholic Church; Evangelical Christianity; gospels; New Testament; Protestantism; Puritans; St Paul; theology; the Crucifixion