Church of England, 309, 319, 350, 359, 518
Cicero, 27, 28, 389
Civil War, English, 348, 350–1
Civil War, American, 417, 419, 426, 474, 475
Clermont, great council at (1095), 216–17, 244
Clovis (Frankish warlord), 140, 178
Cluny, monastery at, 215–16, 223–4, 226–7, 247, 295, 382
Cologne, 203, 463; completion of cathedral, 405–7; as trailblazer for Jewish emancipation, 407–8
Columbanus, St, 157–9, 160, 174, 177, 187, 214, 237, 411, 436
Columbus, Christopher, 287–8
communism, 438–42, 452–4, 457, 488–9, 524
Confucius, 332–5, 342–3
Conrad of Marburg, 236–9, 240, 246, 252, 433
conscience, 27–8, 77, 104, 169, 314, 351–2, 357, 358–9, 479
Constance, city of, 280–1
Constantine, Emperor, xix, 111–17, 122, 148, 166; Nicaean council (325), 114–16, 168, 221, 226
Constantinople, 145, 149, 243, 278; falls to the Turks (1453), 285
Constantius, Emperor, 116, 122
Cope, Edward Drinker, 419–20, 421, 424–5, 426, 427–8, 435
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 338, 339, 341
Corinth, 73–5, 77, 79, 81, 311, 478–9, 512
Cortés, Hernán, 288–91, 292, 332, 399
cosmology, 336–8; Greek philosophy, 19, 20–3, 25–8, 249, 337, 338, 340, 342; of Aristotle, 20, 249, 337, 338, 340, 342; creation in Genesis, 33, 40, 41, 45, 48; Chinese, 333–5, 342–3; and the Jesuits, 335–8, 339–40, 342–3; and Galileo, 336–42, 343, 351, 430; and book of Joshua, 338–9; heliocentrism, 338–42, 430; and Spinoza, 359–60
Croatia, 467
Cromwell, Oliver, 349, 353–5, 359; Menasseh’s appeal to, 355, 356–7
the Crucifixion, xv–xvii, xviii–xxi, xxvi; portrayal in the gospels, xv–xvi, 85–6, 94; horror and humiliation of, xvi, xviii–xix, xx–xxi, 67, 69, 93–4, 203, 448–9, 524; cross as emblem of triumph/hope, xix, 496, 524; depictions in art, xix, xx–xxi, 203, 260; Anselm on, xx, 228–9; and Paul’s message, 67, 69, 71, 74, 105, 168; and nature of Jesus, 94–5, 105, 115, 168; Islamic view of, 167–8; Augustine on, 169; and Virgin Mary, 260–1; First World War imagery, 445–6; Nietzsche’s view of, 448–9
crucifixion in antiquity, xiii–xvii; death of St Peter, xxi–xxii, 84; in Greek world, 4–5; in the Qur’an, 496–7; as means to achieve dominance, 525
crusades: Council at Clermont (1095), 216–17, 244; capture of Jerusalem (1099), 217–18, 220; Third crusade, 243
Custer, George Armstrong, 419, 427
Cybele, 64–5, 71, 89, 119–21, 145
Cyprian (bishop of Carthage), 109
Cyrus, King of Persia, 7, 9, 36, 43, 47, 49, 50, 57
Darius, King of Persia, 5–6, 7–8, 9–10, 11, 23, 47, 87, 146, 285; and cliff-face of Bisitun, 412–13
Darwin, Charles, 422–3, 424, 425–8, 431–2, 439, 522; On the Origin of Species, xxvi, 423–4, 425, 428, 429, 431
dating system, international, xxiv, 173, 188
David, King, 34–5, 55, 167, 192
Dawkins, Richard, xxvi, 523
de Klerk, F. W., 487, 488, 489
Delphi, 11
Demetrius of Phaleron, 18–19, 20, 22–3, 24–6, 27, 38
Demetrius ‘the Besieger’, 23–4, 26, 78–9
demons, xxvii, 9, 144, 204, 399; Satan as king of, 146–8, 150; Germanic, 187, 188; gods of Mexica, 290; and African Christians, 483–4
Denmark, 312
the Devil, 147–8, 152, 155, 156, 158, 239; stories of worship of, 240, 241
Diderot, Denis, 374, 379
dinosaurs, 419–20, 421, 430, 435–6, 437–8, 520, 522–3
Diogenes, 73–4
Dionysus, 15, 16, 18, 24, 511
divinity: in Egypt, xvii, 25, 100; in Greek world, xvii, 11–13, 14–15, 16–18, 19–23, 44–5, 48, 99, 142–3, 511; in Roman world, xvii–xviii, xix, 31, 65, 67, 79–81, 99–101, 102–3, 112, 263; for very greatest of the great, xvii–xviii; and justice systems, 6, 47–8; in Persian empire, 6, 9, 10, 146, 147; rituals of sacrifice, 12–13, 31, 32, 99, 107–8, 142–3, 144, 169, 189, 193, 202, 263, 289–90, 331; and Athenian law, 16–18; nous, 20, 21, 106; Athenian philosophy, 20–1; parousia (physical presence of deity), 24, 78–9, 83; gods transferred between faiths, 31, 33; in Babylon, 40, 43, 44, 48; strict hierarchy in the heavens, 44–5; concept of a single god, 49, 50; obligations and rituals, 99–100, 102–3, 107–8, 112, 114, 149–50; religio in Rome, 99–100, 107–8, 112, 114, 116, 149–50, 158, 159, 160; Origen and paradoxes of, 105, 106–7, 115; decay of ancient cults, 143–4; Nicaean Creed (325), 168, 221, 241; in Mexica, 289, 290; and Chinese beliefs, 333–5; and theory of evolution, 425–6, 427, 431; and Karl Marx, 439–42, 453; see also God of Israel
Dix, Otto, 443–4, 446–7, 450, 451, 468
Dog’s Tail promontory (Hellespont), 3–5
Dominic, St, 250, 259
Dominican order, 250, 251–2, 255–7, 259, 292, 293, 294, 383; and women, 259–60
Donatus (bishop of Carthage), 110–11, 112–13, 116, 117, 206
Dresden, 444, 468, 469
Dutch Republic, 318, 322–3, 325–6; Dutch ‘Reformed Church’, 318, 323–5, 359, 360–1; siege of Leiden, 322, 323, 324; and Thirty Years War, 324–5; Collegiants in, 358–9, 363; The Treatise of the Three Imposters (1719), 377
East India Company, 397–9, 401–2, 403, 404
Easter, 188
Edmundson, William, 367
Edward VI, King of England, 312–13
Egypt: divinity in, xvii, 25, 100; Pompey’s death in, 51, 57; ten plagues of, 51, 52, 54, 145; Children of Israel enslaved in, 51–2, 59, 464; parting of the Red Sea, 51–2, 54, 464
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 316, 318–19
Elizabeth of Hungary, St, 231–4, 236–9, 255, 284, 303, 330, 369, 433, 516
Emwazi, Mohammed (‘Jihadi John’), 497
the Enlightenment, 373–9, 381, 384, 395–6, 489; ideal of progress, 393, 394–6, 415, 428–30, 479–80, 489, 514
equality, 223, 425–6, 478, 523; and St Paul, 74, 82, 478–9; Christian notions of, 82, 123–6, 136, 222–3, 349, 382, 427, 474, 488; inequality, 120–1, 123–6, 132–7, 138–40, 222–3, 349, 425–6, 478, 508–9; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–40; under ‘natural law’, 222–3; and the Diggers/Levellers, 347–9, 352, 357, 382, 442, 453–4, 480; humanity created in God’s image, 425–8
Ercole, Agostino di, 275
Ethiopia, 481, 482, 484–5
Euangelion (‘Good News’), 64*, 395
eucharist, 207, 320
Eusebius, 92*
Evangelical Christianity: and love, 395; belief in progress, 395–6, 475, 482; and India, 399, 401–2, 404; in 1960s America, 476, 477–8; and Iraq War, 489–91, 494, 496; and Trump’s America, 513, 514
evil, xix, 144, 244, 350–1, 466, 484, 486, 491; good vs evil battleground, 28, 49–50, 146–8, 150–4, 217, 247, 441, 461–3, 469–71, 512; and Eve, 41, 139; origins of, 41, 49–50; Satan (Diabolos), 47, 49, 146–8, 150, 152, 155, 240, 285, 524; Persian view of, 49, 146, 147, 246, 413; origin of, 49–50; Augustine on, 147; Sodom and Gomorrah, 272; and French Revolution, 386–7; and Tolkien, 461–3, 469–71, 502; Nietzsche’s view of, 468; judging of imperialism as, 492; and liberals, 524