evolution, theory of, xxvi, 423–9, 431–2, 436, 437, 438, 439, 456–7, 460, 463, 523
Fairfax, Sir Thomas (Lord General), 347, 348–9, 352–3
family, 267, 268–9
Fanon, Frantz, 491–3
fascism, 454–60, 463
Fatima, village of, 451
Fell, Margaret, 358
feminism, 477–8, 513, 515
Ferdinand of Aragon, 286–7, 290, 309
Fiore, abbey of, 256, 284, 288
First World War, 443–7, 450–1, 456, 462–3
Florence, 262, 263, 274–5, 341–2
Foley, James, 497
forgiveness: and God of Israel, 42; and repentance, 42, 158, 237, 269, 517; and Paul, 69; of Peter’s betrayal, 87–8; and the crusaders, 217; and Nelson Mandela, 487
fossils, 420–2, 424, 435–6, 520, 522–3
France: Albi and Toulouse area, 242–3, 244–6, 371–3, 378, 387; Albigensian crusade (1209–29), 244–7, 373, 387, 388; anti-Semitism, 254; Jews expelled from, 254; Boniface VIII asserts papal supremacy, 261; prostitutes in, 270; persecution of Huguenots, 317–18, 364, 371–3, 374, 375–6, 377–8, 379; Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572), 317–18; 1848 revolution in, 408; First World War, 443–4; imperialism in Africa, 482; Algerian revolution against, 491; anti-clericalism in, 505–7; see also Paris
Francia, 140, 148, 157, 171; and Irish monks, 157–8, 159, 174; and forcible baptism of Jews, 163–4; Martel defeats Arabs at Poitiers (732), 177–8, 179, 180; Pepin deposes line of Clovis, 178; lands east of the Rhine, 185–6, 187–90; militant approach to paganism, 190–1, 200–2; collections of scripture written by monks, 195–6; Hungarian defeat at Augsburg/the Lech (955), 198–9, 200–1, 202, 500, 501
Francis of Assisi, St, 235–6, 516
Franciscan order, 236, 284, 290
Frankenhausen (Thuringia), 305, 306, 309, 311
Franklin, Benjamin, 384–5
Franks, 137, 140, 172; Carolingian dynasty, 178, 180, 190–200; claim of license from God, 178–9, 192–5; Charlemagne as anointed one of God, 192–5; fractures after Charlemagne, 200
free will, 264–5
French Revolution: St Martin’s basilica converted to stable, 379–80, 382; and Christendom, 379–81, 382, 386, 387–9; execution of Louis XVI, 380; suppression of the Vendée, 380, 387, 388; revolutionary calendar, 380–1; sans-culottes, 382, 383; Jacobins, 383, 386, 387–8, 389; storming the Bastille (July 1789), 383; Declaration of Rights, 385, 386, 392, 406, 408–9; example of the USA, 385; and Robespierre, 386, 387–8; terror, 387, 388; classical antiquity in imagery of, 389–90; and Jews, 408–9
friars, 235, 236, 249–50, 251–2, 254, 255–7, 284, 290; celibacy rules, 257; and fallen women, 271; see also Dominican order
Friedrich of Saxony, 299, 303, 305, 307
Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, 404–8, 410, 411, 440, 443
Frisia, 185–6, 189, 190–1
Gabriel (angel), 145, 167
Galatia, 62–70, 145, 153; cult of Caesar in, 65, 67; the Galli (servants of Cybele), 64–5, 71, 76, 119; Paul’s letter to, 65, 71, 72, 77, 165, 169, 259, 355, 362, 479; St Paul in, 65–6, 67–9, 70, 72, 74; and Julian, 119–21
Galileo Galilei, 336–42, 343, 351, 430
Gargano, Mount, 142–3, 144–6
Gaul, 89–90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 97–8, 127–32, 165
gay rights movement, 477–8
gender: sexual violence, 11, 13, 263, 390, 391, 511, 512–14; and the Galli, 65, 71, 76, 119; St Paul’s views on women, 76–7, 259, 263, 266, 478–9; sexuality in Roman world, 81; women in early Christianity, 90; Guglielma’s heresy, 255–7, 259; status of women in Christendom, 255–61; women as temptresses, 257–8; Aristotle on female inferiority, 258; ambivalences within the Bible, 258–9; and Dominican order, 259–60; and Roman law, 266; Quaker women, 357; Christian conservative view of women, 477–8; workplace sexual harassment, 508–9, 512; #MeToo, 512, 515; women’s marches (January 217), 512–13, 515, 516, 517; misogyny and Trump, 513–14
Geneva, 313–16, 373, 374
geology, 420–2, 428
George of Saxony, 305
Gerard, bishop of Cambrai, 206–7, 208, 210–11, 213–14
Germany: Lutheran Princes, 299, 303, 305, 307–8, 310, 312; Rhineland, 324, 405, 406, 458–9; Thirty Years War, 324, 325, 341, 343, 354; and Jews in nineteenth century, 406–8, 409–12, 504; First World War, 443–51, 456; Bolsheviks in, 452, 453, 457; Nazi era, 454, 455–60, 463–8, 469, 502–3, 521, 522, 524; Second World War, 460–1, 463, 464–5, 468–9; imperialism in Africa, 482; reunification, 488; migrant crisis in, 499–502, 503–5
Gibbon, Edward, xxvii
Gibeon, 45†
Gillingham, Deborah, 517–21
Gleason, Ralph, 511
Gnostics, 105–6
God of Israel, 30–3, 39; creation in Genesis, 33, 40, 41, 45, 48; story of Abraham, 33–4, 145; disobedience and punishment, 35, 36–7, 41–2, 53, 55, 56, 84, 139; story of Adam and Eve, 41, 139, 257; jealous obsessiveness of, 42–3, 53; manifold contradictions of, 43, 44, 45; process leading to single, supreme God, 43–7; names given to, 44, 45; worshipped in form of bull, 44; Book of Job, 47–8, 49, 146, 150, 422, 438, 520; as omnipotent and all-just, 49, 50; and origin of evil, 49–50; Children of Israel in Egypt, 51–2, 464; the ten commandments, 52–3, 55, 168, 251; the Covenant (laws given to Moses), 53–4, 55–6, 77, 103, 168, 194–5, 228, 409–10; in age of Augustus, 59; and gentiles, 60–1, 68–9, 71; and Paul’s message, 67–9, 71; and Marcion’s two god claim, 96–7, 467
Goebbels, Joseph, 457–8, 460
Golgotha, xvi
Gordium, 68
gospels, xvi–xvii, xix, 87–8, 94; St Luke, 66, 82, 97, 130–1, 136, 269; writing and dating of, 85–6, 85†; St John, 87–8, 97, 152–4, 204–5, 217, 270–1, 278, 279, 280, 285, 288, 450–1; Irenaeus’ canon, 97; Dives and Lazarus story, 134; day of judgement in, 151–4, 155, 166; Islamic view of, 167, 168; and Gregory’s reformatio, 214
Goths, 135, 137
Granada, 286–7
Grant, Charles, 401–2
Gratian, 221–3, 226, 240
Gray, Asa, 422
Greek world: gods, xvii, 11–13, 14–15, 16–18, 19–20, 44–5, 48, 99, 142–3, 511; Persian invasions of, xxviii, 3–5, 9, 47; theatre, 10–11, 15, 16–18, 47; rituals of sacrifice, 12–13, 99, 142–3; agon, 14, 15, 74; cosmology, 19, 20–3, 25–8, 249, 337, 338, 340, 342; philosophy in, 19–23, 27, 28, 77–8, 87, 104–6, 154–5, 222, 248–9, 250–1, 430; parousia (physical presence of deity), 24, 78–9, 83, 90; Tyche (Fortune), 25–6; and ‘Holy of Holies’ in Jerusalem, 31–2; Greek language, 38, 60; Jews as nation of philosophers, 59; sexuality in, 75–6, 263–4, 511; St Paul and Stoic philosophy, 77–8, 104, 222; self-sacrifice in, 92–3; bones of heroes as trophies, 127; visions of the afterlife, 155; in imaginary of French Revolution, 389–90; agnostic colonising of, 430; Nietzsche’s view of, 449–50
Gregory IX, Pope, 238, 239, 240, 245, 246, 247, 249
Gregory of Nyssa, St, 122, 123, 124–5, 126, 137, 366, 503
Gregory of Tours, 153, 155
Gregory the Great, Pope, 148–50, 163, 196, 269; and end of the world, 150–4, 163–4; sends monks to Kent, 171–2, 175, 186–7, 319, 320
Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), 208, 209, 213, 218, 320, 386, 387; reformatio project, 209–15, 216–17, 218–19, 221, 232–3, 241–2, 252–3, 270, 273, 279, 311; and militancy/violence, 210; humbling of emperor, 212–13, 214, 215, 220, 239, 301, 453; and concept of the secular, 214, 301–2, 411, 459; as Luther’s Monster of Monsters, 300, 301–2
Gregory XI, Pope, 265, 266
Grumbach, Argula von, 306