Guglielma, 255–7, 259
Hadrian (African in Canterbury), 172–4
Hamburg, 468–9, 473
Hammurabi, King of Babylon, 6–7, 55
The Handmaid’s Tale, 513–14
Hawaii, 427
Hebrew, 38, 103
hell, 166, 188, 229, 462, 471, 524
Hellespont, 3–5, 9
Héloïse, 224, 226, 227, 229
Henry III, Emperor, 208–9, 211, 218
Henry IV, Emperor, 209, 211–15, 217, 220, 239, 301, 453
Henry V, Emperor, 218
Henry VIII, King of England, 308–9, 312
Hera, 14
Heracles, xvii
Heraclius, Emperor, 162–3, 164, 165, 166, 169, 409
heresy: haereses in early Christianity, 94–7, 101, 102; Marcion’s two gods, 96–7, 467; Gnostics, 105–6; millennial, 206–8; burning of heretics, 207, 208, 238–9, 241, 249, 256, 281; and Gregory VII, 208, 210–15; and Abelard, 225–7; Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 233, 234, 235, 237, 238; Waldensian, 234–5, 240; search for (inquisitio), 238–9, 246, 249–50, 251–2, 254, 255–7, 290, 330, 339–41; Cathars (Cathari), 241–2, 247; Christians left behind by reformatio, 241–2; ‘Albigensians’, 242–3, 244–7, 373, 387, 388; and Aristotle, 249; and Guglielma, 255–7, 259; Hussites, 280–4, 299–300; anti-trinitarianism, 350, 351, 354; Calvinist and Puritan fear of, 350–1, 354
Herodotus, 4*
Hilten, Johann, 284–6, 294, 304
Himmler, Heinrich, 460, 502–3, 521, 522
Hinduism, 399–404
hippies, 477, 511
Hitler, Adolf, 456–7, 458, 459, 503, 524
Hollywood, 507–8, 509–10, 512
Holy Roman Empire: Charlemagne, 191–7, 200; Otto the Great, 200–2; and right to confer bishoprics, 208–9, 211, 212, 218; and Gregory’s reformatio project, 209–15, 216–17, 218–19, 221, 232–3, 241–2, 252–3, 270, 273, 279, 311; and Hussites, 280–4, 299–300; terminated by Napoleon (6 August 1806), 405
Homer, 19, 142; the Iliad, 13–14, 19, 28
homosexuality, 75–6, 432–3, 434, 477–8, 479, 514; see also sodomy
Huguenots: French persecution of, 364, 371–3, 374, 375–6, 377–8, 379; The Treatise of the Three Imposters (1719), 377; shrine of Saint Martin torched by (1562), 382
human rights: Las Casas on (1551), 331; and American Revolution, 385; and French Revolution, 385, 386, 388–9; as no more provable than existence of God, 385, 392; concept derived from canon lawyers of Middle Ages, 385–6, 396, 505, 524; abolition of slavery in Europe, 395–6; and liberal democracy, 489, 491; and Islamic law, 494, 495, 496, 505; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 494
humanism, 521–2, 523, 524
Hungary, 198–9, 201, 202, 203, 204, 330, 466, 500, 501–2, 504
Hus, Jan, 280–1, 299
Hut, Hans, 309–10
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 428–31, 522
Iacopo (Venetian cleric), 248
Ice Age, 421
ichneumon wasps, 423
ichthyosaurs, 421, 422, 520
idolatry, 34, 42, 102–3, 144, 157, 165, 189, 383, 483; and the Reformation, 300, 316–17, 318, 319, 323, 350, 506; as justification for imperialism, 331, 399, 401; and Beatlemania, 476; see also paganism
Ignatius, St, 96, 98, 102
imperialism: Spanish, 287–93, 330–1, 332; and human rights of natives, 331–2, 367–8; British, 365–8, 392–3, 397–404, 412–16, 418; Darius’ inscription at Bisitun, 412–13; scramble for Africa, 418, 427, 482; white settler colonialism, 427; Christian derived white sense of superiority, 487–8; insurgency against colonisers, 491–2, 493; judging of as evil, 492; Fanon on decolonisation, 492–3
India: ‘suttee’ (self-immolation of widows), 397–9, 400, 402–4; British rule, 397–404; antiquity of, 399–400; Hinduism, 399–403; Brahmin class, 400, 403; British ban suttee, 403–4
Innocent III, Pope, 235–6, 243–4, 245, 252, 268, 271, 453
intelligence agents, 412–13
Iraq, 525
Iraq War (from 2003), 490–1, 492, 493, 494, 495
Ireland: early Christian monks, 156–61, 174, 317; cult of St Michael, 160; Cromwell in, 349, 353–4
Irenaeus, 89–91, 92, 93–6, 97, 98, 101, 105–6, 152, 168, 221–2
Irnerius (Bolognese jurist), 220–1
Isaac (son of Abraham), 34, 145
Isabella, Queen of Castile, 286–7, 309
Ishmael (son of Abraham), 165–6
Isaiah, 57
Islam, xxv; Arab conquests of Roman/Persian empires, 164–6, 168; line of inheritance from Abraham, 165–6, 175, 179; day of judgement, 166; Dome of the Rock, 166–7; jizya (tax on Jews and Christians), 167, 416, 496; Muslims as a ‘People of the Book’, 167; muhajirun (‘those who have undertaken an exodus’), 168, 171; elements of Exodus in origin story, 168–9, 174, 176; conquest in Africa, 170–1; mosques, 171; Byzantine disdain for, 176; Sunna (corpus of law), 179–80, 222, 416, 417, 494, 495; victories in Spain (1190s), 244; marital ethics, 266, 267–8; fall of Constantinople to Turks (1453), 285; and slavery, 415–17, 494–5; and St Paul, 417; in modern-day Africa, 483; and George W. Bush, 484, 489–91; and Iraq War (from 2003), 490–1, 492, 493, 494, 495; ‘natural law’ as absent from, 494; Protestant tradition in modern age, 495, 496, 504–5; Salafists, 495–8; migrants to Western Europe, 499–500, 501–2, 503–5; and concept of the secular, 504, 505, 506–7
Islamic State in Syria/Iraq, 495–8, 525
Israel, modern state of, 473
Italy, 273–5, 455, 459
Jaenichen, Erna, 451–2, 457
Jarrow, monastery at, 173–4
Jericho, 45†
Jerusalem: Pompey conquers, 29–33, 36–7, 50, 57; Jewish Temple, 30, 31–3, 35–7, 38, 39, 43–4, 50, 54, 55, 57, 84–5, 86–7, 163; Mount Moria, 30, 34–5, 36–7, 163, 166–7; Babylonian conquest of (587 bc), 35–6, 39, 43–4, 55, 56, 86–7; destruction of Solomon’s Temple, 35–6, 38, 39, 43–4, 54, 86–7; rebuilding of Temple, 36, 38; Roman destruction of the Temple (ad 70), 84–5, 86–7, 163; new Jerusalem in Apocalypse, 152, 154, 204–5; rubbish tip at site of Temple, 163; Dome of the Rock, 166–7; Christian pilgrims to, 203–5; and millennial (1033), 203–5; capture of by crusaders (1099), 217–18, 220; conquest of by Saracens (1187), 243; Columbus and the Temple, 287, 288; British capture of during First World War, 451; in modern state of Israel, 473
Jesuits, 332, 333–5; mandate for missions overseas, 332–3, 335; and science, 335–8, 339–40, 342–3
Jesus, xvi–xvii, xxi; resurrected, xvii, 85–6, 87–8; suffering humanity of, xx–xxi, 93–4, 203, 228–9, 367, 425, 445–6, 516, 524; Paul’s initial rejection of, 66; passion of, 85; manner of teaching, 86; parables, 86, 130–1, 134, 503; abandoned by disciples, 87; betrayed by St Peter, 87; and forgiveness, 87–8; early Christian debates over nature of, 94–5, 96, 105, 106–7, 114–15; birth of, 126; teachings on wealth and poverty, 129–31, 132–3, 134, 135–6, 138–9, 277, 349, 382, 436; parable of the Good Samaritan, 130–1, 503; and Satan’s story, 146–7, 148; Islamic view of, 166, 167, 168; millennial anniversary of death (1033), 203–5, 206; and nature of redemption, 228–9; and sins of the flesh, 269–71; on Mount Tabor, 277; preaching of good news to all creation, 285–6, 503; and Fanon’s decolonisation, 492–3; see also the Crucifixion
Jesus Ben Sirah, 41, 139
Jewish scripture and scholarship, 33–5, 38, 45–50, 60–1, 96–7, 155; Tanakh (Old Testament), 38*, 40–5 see also Old Testament; Torah (‘teachings’), 37–8, 39, 40–1, 52–3, 54–5, 56, 60, 66, 77, 410; and Greek language, 38, 60; pentateuch (five scrolls), 38, 56, 174–5, 366; and library at Alexandria, 38–9; numerous ancient threads, 43–4; ‘Messiah’ (Christos) prophecy, 56–7; and Christian canon, 103; and Origen, 103; and concept of original sin, 139; as authored by mortals, 168; Talmud, 180; achievements of, 252