Jews, xviii, xxiii, xxv; circumcision, 30, 34, 60, 68, 69, 71, 72, 165–6, 169; religious customs, 30, 31, 32, 59–60, 68, 69, 71, 72, 169; Temple at Jerusalem, 30, 31–3, 35–7, 38, 39, 43–4, 50, 54, 55, 57, 84–5, 86–7, 163; ‘Holy of Holies’, 31–3, 35, 36, 54; Ark of the Covenant, 35, 36, 37, 54; Cyrus and, 36, 43, 47, 49, 50; nevi’im or ‘prophets’, 36; ‘synagogue’ (‘house of assembly’), 37; of Alexandria, 38–9, 59, 60; exile in Babylon, 39–41, 42; concept of sin in Genesis, 41–2; and repentance, 42; Chronicles (fourth century bc), 45*; and kingship, 47, 55–6; enslaved in Egypt, 51–2, 59, 464; prophets, 56–7; Roman occupation of Judaea, 58–61; theosebeis (‘God-fearers’), 59, 65–6; and divinity of Augustus, 65; Ioudaismos (‘Judaism’), 102, 144, 408–12; Persian influence on beliefs, 146; visions of the afterlife, 155; forcible baptism of in Carthage, 162–3, 164, 169; banned from Jerusalem, 163; and death of Christ, 163; rabbis (scholars), 180; blood libel against, 252, 466–7; role at end of days, 252, 286, 290; and reformatio project, 252–3; Spanish ultimatum to (1492), 290; Menasseh’s appeal to Cromwell, 355, 356–7; and Quakers, 357, 358; Spinoza’s critique of Judaism, 362; and Napoleon, 406, 408; in nineteenth-century Germany, 406–8, 409–12, 504; in Prussia, 406–8, 410–11, 504; and French Revolution, 408–9; price paid by for freedom, 408–10; ‘Reform’ and ‘Orthodox’ traditions emerge, 410–11; and boundaries of secularism, 411–12; promise of homeland during First World War, 451, 473; Nazi persecution of, 463–8; Tolkien’s view of, 464; and the papacy during Second World War, 466; see also anti-Semitism
Joachim of Fiore, 256, 284, 288
John, St, 89–90; light and truth as synonymous, 87; gospel of, 87–8, 97, 152–4, 204–5, 217, 270–1, 278, 279, 280, 285, 288, 450–1
John of Leiden (Jan Bockelson), 309, 310, 318
Jordan (Dominican Master General), 259
Joshua, 45–6, 54, 338–9, 475
Josiah (Old Testament king), 194–5
Josiah, King of Judah, 55–6
Judaea, 29–33, 34–5, 36–7, 50, 51; Roman occupation, 58–61; revolt (ad 66), 84–5, 86–7, 151; Romans rename as Palestine, 163
Judah, 35–6, 39, 55, 56, 86–7
Julian, Emperor (‘The Apostate’), xxviii, 119–21, 122–3, 127–8, 143, 200
Julius Caesar, xvii–xviii, xxviii, 51, 58, 89, 455
Jupiter, 31, 112
justice: in Persian empire, 5–6, 47–8; in Mesopotamia, 6; Book of Job, 47–8, 49, 150; Jewish prophesies of end days, 56–7; day of judgement, 151–4, 155, 166, 175, 252, 388, 454; and the Apocalypse, 154; and the pope’s writ, 219–20, 225; Gratian and equality, 222–3; and the crucifixion, 229; and Luther, 307–8; and Cromwell, 354; and French Revolution, 387–8; Karl Marx on, 440–1; Nietzsche’s view of, 448; and US civil rights movement, 474–6; and anti-Trump protests, 513, 517
Justin, xviii–xix, 264
Jutes, 171–2, 175–6
Kennedy, Richard Hartley, 397–9
King, Martin Luther, 474–6, 478, 480, 492, 513, 515; assassination of (April 1968), 477–8
kingship, 6–9, 55–6, 199–202, 261; in Babylon, 6–7, 55, 279; pagan conversions to Christianity, 202–3; right to confer bishoprics, 211; rulers inspired by Luther, 299, 303, 305, 307–9; Friedrich Wilhelm and Cologne cathedral, 405–7
Kirwitzer, Wenceslas, 338
Knox, John, 317
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, Psychopathia Sexualis, 432–5
Ku Klux Klan, 474, 476
‘laity’ (laicus), 218–19, 411
language, xxv, 38, 60
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 292, 331, 366, 367–8, 414
Lay, Benjamin, 365–7, 368–70, 385, 394, 395, 428
learning and scholarship: library at Alexandria, 24–5, 38–9, 103–4, 430; Origen’s school at Caesarea, 104–7; gnosis (knowledge) as marker of class, 105–6; and Bede at Jarrow, 173–4; and Alcuin, 193–4, 195–6; Alcuin’s single-volume collections of scripture, 195–6; Charlemagne’s project of correctio, 195–7, 204; education of the priesthood, 196; university at Bologna, 220–1, 222–3; claim of license from God, 222; Abelard’s fame, 223–8; Paris as powerhouse of, 224, 227–8; autonomy of universities, 227, 249, 335; natural philosophy, 228, 249, 335–43, 360–3, 423–4, 431; philosophy at heart of curriculum, 228; rediscovery of Greek works in Toledo, 248–9; universities and papal schism, 278; Galileo’s discoveries, 336–42, 430; across divides during Thirty Years War, 342, 343; philosophes, 373–9, 381; see also cosmology; Jewish scripture and scholarship; philosophy; science; theology
legal systems and law, xxv; Athenian, 15–17; ‘natural law’ concept, 27–8, 77, 222–3, 494; claim of license from God, 179–80, 222, 494, 495; Sunna (corpus of law), 179–80, 222, 416, 417, 494, 495; Papal ‘Curia’ (court), 219, 221, 225–6, 241; Christendom’s system of law, 220–1, 225–6; lawyers, 220–1, 222–3; canon law, 220–3, 225–6, 233, 267, 296, 298, 300, 307–8, 367, 385–6, 505; Decretum (ascribed to Gratian), 221–3; corpus of Roman law, 222–3, 266; and Abelard’s reason, 223–8; Cajetan and international law, 293; international law on slavery, 414–15; conceptualising of desire, 435; Western moulding of Islam, 495, 496, 504–5
Leiden, 322, 323, 324, 325–6
Lenaia (festival), 10–11, 15
Lenin, 438–9, 441–2, 452–3, 454
Lennon, John, 472, 476, 479–80, 498
Leonidas, xxviii
lepers, 124, 125, 126, 130
Leto, 12
‘Levellers’, 349, 383
liberal democracy, 384, 489–91
Lincoln, Abraham, 417
Lincoln cathedral, 253
Little Bighorn, Battle of (1876), 419, 427
Liverpool, 473
Livingstone, David, 482
Loire Valley, 127, 128–32, 139–40
London, 317, 351, 425–6, 437–9, 441–2, 472–3, 480–1
Lord’s Prayer, 196, 197
Los Angeles, 507–8, 509–10, 512
Louis XVI, King of France, 380
love and compassion: and God of Israel, 42, 50, 52, 53, 59; primacy of in Christian teaching, 66–9, 72, 75, 123–4, 149, 169, 222, 271, 328, 353–4, 472–9, 487, 503, 516; and Martin of Tours, 131; of mother for child, 260–1; Luther’s teachings, 302, 304; and Evangelicals, 395; and abolition of slavery, 417–18; for homosexuals, 433, 434; Nietzsche’s contempt for, 449, 455, 516; fascist rejection of, 456, 459–60; Hitler’s contempt for Christianity, 459–60, 465; and the Beatles, 472–3, 474, 475–7, 497; Summer of Love (1967), 472–3, 475–6, 477, 511; Salafist rejection of, 496–8
Low Countries, 187, 188, 318, 319–20, 322; see also Dutch Republic
Luke, St, 66, 82, 97, 130–1, 136, 269
Luther, Martin: ninety-five theses, 294–6, 299; talent for self-publicity, 295, 296–7, 300; in Augsburg, 295–6; and testimony of conscience, 296, 303; and witness of scripture, 296, 300, 302, 303, 304; bonfire at Wittenberg, 298, 300–1, 307; opposes burning of heretics, 298–9; at Diet of Worms, 299–300, 301–3, 310, 311; at Wartburg after Friedrich’s ambush, 303–4; translates New Testament, 304–5, 306; revolts by followers of, 305–7; death of (1546), 311; Protestant objects of ire of, 312; attitude to Jews, 355–6, 409–10, 467; and three ages of European history, 381–2; as precursor of Robespierre, 387; on pre-human history, 420; narrative of Christendom as backward/bigoted, 431
Luxeuil, monastery at, 157–8, 159, 177
Lyon, 89, 90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 98, 244, 318
Macedon, 23–6
Macrina, St, 125–6, 514
Madrid, 259
Maifreda da Pirovano, 256, 257, 259, 261
Majorinus (bishop of Carthage), 109, 110
Mandela, Nelson, 486–7, 488
al-Maqdisi, Abu Muhammad, 493–5