Paul, St, letters of, 70–3, 78, 85, 92, 94, 97, 264; to Galatians, 65, 71, 72, 77, 165, 169, 259, 355, 362, 479; to Corinthians, xvii*, 73, 75, 81, 311, 478–9, 512; to the Romans, 78, 80, 81–2, 272–3, 354; word ‘Christian’ as not appearing in, 85*; instructions to wives in, 90, 259, 266; on same-sex relationships, 272–3, 479
Paulinus, Meropius Pontius, 133–5, 136, 137, 138, 143, 437, 516
Paviam, Count, 231, 232
Pelagius (ascetic), 135–6, 139, 348, 382
Peninsula Beverly Hills hotel, 507–8, 512
Penn, William, 364–5, 368–9, 421
Pennsylvania, 384, 385
Pepin, Frankish king, 178, 180
Persia, Persian empire: invasions of Greek world, xxviii, 3–5, 9, 47; torture methods in, 5–6, 8, 390; divinity in, 6, 9, 10, 146, 147; kingship in, 6–10; conquers Babylon (539 bc), 7, 9, 36, 43; Babylonian rebellion (522 bc), 7–8, 9; Drauga (‘the Lie’), 8–9, 10; conquered by Alexander, 23, 151; third-century attacks on Roman empire, 107; Julian dies in war against, 123; end of the world, 151; attacks on Constantinople, 164; Rawlinson’s discovery of inscription at Bisitun, 412–13, and the ‘great game’, 413; and slavery, 418
Peru, 330
Pessinus (Galatian city), 119, 120, 143, 145
Peter, St, xxi–xxii, 84, 87, 90, 96, 148
Peter the Venerable, 227, 247–8, 295
Pharisees, 58, 61, 66, 75–6, 78, 270–1, 302, 479
Philadelphia, 364–5, 368–70, 384–5, 394, 421, 480–1
Philip II, King of Spain, 322, 330
Philip IV, King of France, 261
Philippines, 330
philosophes, 373–9, 381, 388, 390; and American Revolution, 383–4, 385; disdain for middle ages, 389; and de Sade, 391, 392
philosophy: eternal structure of the cosmos, 19, 20–3, 25–8, 249; in Greek world, 19–23, 27, 28, 77–8, 87, 104–6, 222, 248–9, 250–1, 430; in Roman world, 26–8; Logos, 27, 87–8; ‘natural law’ concept, 27–8, 77, 222–3; Origen’s school at Caesarea, 104–7; idea of single, all-powerful deity, 112; and nature of time, 151; Abelard’s fame, 223–8; at heart of university curriculum, 228; Spinoza, 359–63, 370; of Nietzsche, 446–50, 451, 455, 459, 468, 478, 496, 515, 516, 518, 521
Pius XI, Pope, 465
Pius XII, Pope, 465, 466
plague, 146, 148, 149, 150, 262–3, 273, 277–8
Plato, 19†, 154–5
Poitiers, 127
Poland, 463, 465, 467
Polycarp, St, 89–90, 96, 98
polygamy, xxv, 268, 310
Pompey the Great, 26, 28, 29–33, 36–7, 50, 51, 57, 98, 455
Portugal, 330, 451
Posidonius, 26–7, 28, 31–2, 98
poverty: and teachings of Christ, xxi, 86, 129–31, 132–3, 134, 135–6, 138–9, 279, 349, 382, 436; and the God of Israel, 43, 46, 50, 54, 67–8; and life of Christ, 69, 123–4, 126; and teachings of St Paul, 74; and Julian, 120–1, 122; in classical antiquity, 121; and Christian charity, 121–2, 123–4, 125–6, 130–5, 223, 325; ptocheia (‘poor houses’), 124; St Martin of Tours, 127, 128–32, 137, 139–40, 382–3; as Christian ideal, 136, 231–3, 234–5; and Pelagius, 136–7, 277, 348, 382; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–40; under ‘natural law’, 223; and Waldensians, 234–5; Francis of Assisi, 235–6; and papal schism, 279; the ‘Diggers’ in Britain, 347–9, 352, 357, 382, 442, 453–4, 480; social reform and Christianity, 426–7; Carnegie on, 436; Nietzsche’s view of, 448, 449–50; and workplace sexual harassment, 508–9, 512
Prague, 279, 280–1, 282–4, 324
Presbyterians, 351, 352–3, 354, 436–7
Priene, city of, 64*
priesthood, Christian: episcopos or ‘bishop’, xxii, 89, 95–6, 109–17, 137–40, 153, 163–4, 206–8, 210–15; bishops in Roman cities, 109–14, 122, 123–6, 129–32, 139–40, 144, 155, 200; capellani or ‘chaplains’, 140; Theodore at Canterbury, 171–4, 186–7; missionary work, 185–6, 188–9; corruption, 189–90, 196, 206–7, 210, 211; and pagan practices, 189–90; education of, 194, 196–7; and celibacy rules, 207, 210, 214, 218, 257; eucharist, 207, 320; executed for heresy, 207; reformatio project, 209–15, 216–17, 218–19, 221, 232–3, 241–2, 252–3, 270; oath of loyalty to emperor, 211; Worms conference (1076), 212, 218; Waldensian contempt for, 234–5; search for heresy (inquisitio), 238–9, 246, 249–50, 251–2, 254; dread of women as temptresses, 257–8; masculinity of, 258; Luther’s attacks on, 301–2
priesthood, Jewish: Temple priests, 31–2, 33, 36–7, 40; writing of scripture, 43–4; and the Covenant, 53, 55; and Roman occupation, 58
Priscillian (Spanish bishop), 207*
Protestantism: faith as personal/private thing, 296, 297, 303–6, 311–12, 321, 347–52, 354–67, 370, 400, 410–11, 491; ‘Protestation’ (1529), 311; Lutheran Princes, 312; Edward VI of England, 312–13; and trust in secular authority, 313; in Elizabethan Britain, 316–17, 318–19; in Low Countries, 318; Thirty Years War, 324–5, 341–2, 343, 353, 354; and heliocentrism, 340; and Presbyterian discipline, 350–2; Act of Uniformity in Britain, 359; and Spinoza, 359–63; pilgrim concept, 363–5, 516; migration from Europe in seventeenth century, 364–5, 485–6; and new American Republic, 384, 385; and abolition of slavery, 395–6, 414–18; and Nazi Germany, 458, 467–8
Provence, 178
Prussia, 404–8, 410–11, 443, 504
Pulp Fiction (film, 1994), 509–10, 512
Puritans, 319, 341–2; voyage of the Mayflower, 325–6, 516; Pilgrim settlers in New World, 326–8, 364, 437, 516; violence against native Americans, 328; and English Civil War, 350–1, 352, 353; and Jews, 356
Pythagoras, 19†
Quakers, 351, 354, 357–8, 363, 365; and Act of Uniformity, 359; Benjamin Lay, 365–7, 368–70, 385, 394, 395, 428; abolitionists, 367–70, 385, 394, 417, 426; and theory of evolution, 426, 428
Qur’an, 494, 495; crucifixion in, 167–8, 496–7; tone of authority, 168; Latin translation, 247–8; and slavery, 416–17
race and ethnicity: universal ambitions of Church, 253; implications of evolutionary theory, 426–8; and Christian notions of equality, 427, 474, 488; native tribes of America, 427; and Nazi Germany, 456–7, 460, 463–8, 524; racism and segregation in USA, 474–6; colonial hierarchy in Africa, 482–4; apartheid in South Africa, 486–7, 488, 489; and European imperialism, 487–8
Radegund, queen, 232
Ramihrd, 207, 208, 210, 211, 213
Ranters, 351
Rawlinson, Henry, 412–13
reason: and Stoic philosophy, 27; and Abelard, 223–8; Christian embrace of mystery with, 223–8, 229–30, 247–51, 260, 320–1; and the Diggers, 350; and Spinoza, 359–63, 370; philosophes, 373–9, 381; and Thomas Huxley, 428–31; and Nietzsche, 448; see also Enlightenment
redemption, 149, 204, 256, 332, 367, 401, 426, 447, 483, 492; Anselm on, xx, 229; confession and repentance, 42, 149–50, 161, 237–8, 262–3, 517; and Paul’s message, 81–2, 85, 302; of Abelard, 227, 295; nature of, 228–9; in suffering, 231, 232–3, 236–7; and Albigensian crusade, 244; and the Taborites, 282; and Luther, 297, 301, 302; power of forgiveness, 487