Reformation: Lutheran Princes, 299, 303, 305, 307–8, 310, 311–12; in England, 308–9, 312–13; tension between liberty and authority, 311–16, 349–53, 354–63; as revolution, 321; God’s direct speaking to the soul/spirit, 349–50, 351–2, 355–6, 357–61, 400; nature of ‘religion’ in Protestant countries, 352–5; and anti-Semitism, 355–6, 467; and three ages of European history, 381–2; anti-clericalism in France, 506; and marriage, 509; and Huxley’s ‘agnosticism’, 523
revolutions (1848), 408
Rhode Island, 367
Rhodes, 26, 32
Rhône valley, 89–90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 97–8
Ricci, Matteo (Li Madou), 332–3, 334
Rijnsberg (near Leiden), 359
Robespierre, Maximilien, 386, 387–8
Roman world, xix, xxviii; wealth and privilege in, xiii–xiv, 28, 73, 74, 107, 121–4, 126, 132–7; divinity in, xvii–xviii, xix, 31, 65, 67, 79–81, 99–101, 102–3, 112, 263; philosophy in, 26–8; and Tyche (Fortune), 26–8; Pompey conquers Jerusalem, 29–33, 36–7, 50, 57; civil war, 51, 57; murder of Pompey, 51, 57; Augustus imposes order, 58, 60–1, 63–4; occupation of Judaea, 58–61; suppression of the Galatians, 63; transport networks, 63, 65, 70, 90–1; Via Sebaste, 63; cult of Caesar in, 64, 65; Euangelion (‘Good News’), 64*; St Paul’s tour of, 65–6, 67–9, 70–9, 331–2; sexuality in, 81, 272–3, 511; persecution of Christianity, 83–4, 90; suppression of Judaean revolt (AD 70), 84–5, 86–7, 151; Christianity in second century, 89–92; self-sacrifice in, 92–3; and universal order, 98–9; citizenship granted to all free men (ad 212), 99, 100, 107, 115; decree ordering sacrifice (250), 107–8; imperial edict on scripture (303), 109, 110–11; power of Christian bishops, 109–10; Constantine becomes emperor (312), 111–12; Julian repudiates Christianity, 119–21, 122; decline of in west, 135, 137, 139, 146, 148–9, 155; Goths sack Rome (410), 135, 137; banning of sacrifices (391), 142–3; visions of the afterlife, 155; Roman–barbarian divide survives fall of empire, 186–7; and order in the cosmos, 279; in imaginary of French Revolution, 389–90; and death of Christ, 413–14; Nietzsche’s view of, 449–50; fasces symbol, 455
Romania, 466
Romans, Humbert de, 251–2
Rome (city): Esquiline Hill, xiii–xiv, xxi; first heated swimming pool, xiii, xv–xvi; Caravaggio’s St Peter, xxi–xxii; and St Paul, 78, 79, 80, 83; St Paul’s letter to the Hagioi, 78, 80, 81–2, 272–3, 354; and Nero, 79–81, 83; Hagioi persecuted after fire (summer ad 64), 83–4, 85*; The Senate, 132–3; basilica of St Peter, 148; Tiber burst its banks (589), 148; physical decline of, 149, 155; attachment to ancient rituals broken, 149–50; recaptured for the Empire, 162; Saracen pirates sack (846), 197; building of St Peter’s at the Vatican, 293; Inquisition in, 330, 339–41
Romulus, xvii, 149
Rostock, 499–500
Roth, Cecil, 461
Roy, Raja Rammohun, 403–4
Russia, 443, 452–3, 454
Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 433
Sade, Marquis de, 391–2, 393, 395, 431–2, 449, 496, 511; The New Justine (1797), 390–1, 392; on slave trade, 392–3
Sahwil, Reem, 499–500, 503
Saint-Denis, monastery of (near Paris), 224, 229–30, 382, 387
Saint-Domingue, island of, 392
saints, 140–1
Salafists, 495; Islamic State in Syria/Iraq, 495–8, 525
Salm, Elisabeth, 451–2, 453, 457
Samaria (ancient kingdom of Israel), 56
Samuelsson, Gunnar, xv*
Satan (Diabolos), 47, 49, 146–8, 152, 155, 240, 285, 524
Saxons in Britain, 157, 171–2, 175–6, 188
Saxony, 196, 294, 299, 306, 405, 444–5, 450; Anglo-Saxon missions to, 187, 188–90, 399; Charlemagne’s war against, 191, 192–4, 244; Irminsul (totem tree), 191, 193; Otto the Great, 199–202
Sayn, Count of, 239
Schreck, Johann, 332, 334, 335–6, 337–8, 342
science: and Darwin, xxvi, 422–8, 429; and the Jesuits, 335–8, 339–40, 342–3; Galileo’s discoveries, 336–42, 430; Spinoza’s universe, 360–3; geology, 420–2; ‘natural theology’, 422, 423, 424–5, 428–9; defining of, 429–30; agnostic colonising of the past, 430–1, 522; and Karl Marx, 439–40, 453; and Nazi anti-Semitism, 463, 465, 466; and humanism, 522; see also cosmology; theology
Scotland, 317, 421, 435
Scythians, 9, 68
Second World War, 460–1, 463, 464–5, 468–9, 473
secular, concept of, 211–15, 218–19, 261, 411–12, 489, 504–5; as product of Christianity, xxv, 160, 214, 411, 505–7, 523, 524; and Augustine of Hippo, 159–60, 214, 411; origin of term, 159–60; and Gregory VII, 214, 301–2, 411, 459; and the Reformation, 301–2, 308, 312–13, 400; application to Hinduism, 400, 402, 403, 404; French word laïcité, 411, 505–7; and Islam, 504, 505, 506–7; French anti-clericalism, 505–7
Sedulius Scottus, 197
the Seraphim, 145
Serapis, 25, 100, 101, 102, 112, 143
sexuality: prostitutes, 22, 73, 81, 263, 269–71, 391; in Greek world, 75–6, 263–4, 511; St Paul’s views on, 75–6, 81, 272–3, 431–2, 434–5, 478–9, 510, 512; in Roman world, 81, 272–3, 511; women as temptresses for priests, 257–8; female body, 258–9, 260, 262–3, 264–6; Christianity and the erotic, 263–75, 431–5, 479, 510–12; continence and free will, 264–6; and marriage, 266–9, 434, 509, 512; incest, 268; Jesus and sins of the flesh, 269–71; and reformatio project, 270, 273; and theory of evolution, 431–2; Krafft-Ebing’s work on, 432–5; sadism and masochism, 433; Christian conservative view of women, 477–8; Bernard of Clairvaux on, 509; and 1960s counter-culture, 511
Shrewsbury, 316, 317, 318
Siena, 262–3, 264–6, 268, 274
Sigismund (emperor-elect), 280–1, 282–3
Simon (Samaritan necromancer), 95
sin: and Eve, 41, 139, 257; concept of in Genesis, 41–2, 139, 271–2, 273; tradition embodied by Donatus, 110–11, 113; Pelagius on, 136, 139; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–9; doctrine of original sin, 139, 257, 516; Satan’s great empire of, 147–8; and Pope Gregory, 150; Columbanus and penance for, 158, 159; and sexual desire, 263–4, 269–75; Sodom and Gomorrah, 271–2, 273–5; ‘sodomy’ concept, 273–5, 432, 434; and Luther, 300, 302; and pilgrims to New World, 325–6, 516–17; and ownership of slaves in New World, 367, 394–5, 414; see also redemption
Sinai, Mount (Horeb), 52–3, 55, 168
Sinjar, 525
Sioux people, 419, 427
Skellig Michael (Kerry), 156, 160
slavery: crucifixion of slaves, xiii–xv; in Rome, xiii–xv, 81, 82, 90, 415; and early Christianity, 82, 90, 93; and St Paul’s message, 82; Gregory labels as offence against God, 124–5, 126, 137; Aristotle on, 292, 368, 415; use of Bible to justify, 358, 366, 394, 415; in British empire, 366–8, 392–3, 394; in New England, 367–8; abolitionists, 367–70, 385, 394–6, 401, 414, 415–16, 417–18, 426, 482, 494–5; abolished by revolutionary France, 392; and Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 393–4, 395; in southern United States, 394, 415, 417, 426; slave trade abolished in Britain (1807), 395; emancipation in British Empire (1833), 414; and international law, 414–15; universalism of Protestant campaign against, 414–18; and Islam, 415–47, 494–5; banned in Africa and Ottoman Empire, 416–17
Slovakia, 467
social class: in Greek world, 19; in Roman world, 81–3, 110, 126, 132–7, 277; and St Paul’s message, 81–3; and teachings of Jesus, 86, 132–3, 134; gnosis (knowledge) as marker of class, 105–6; and Pelagius, 136–7, 382; and Augustine of Hippo, 138–40; holiness as source of power, 139–41; and Gregory VII’s reforms, 213, 219; and ‘natural law’ concept, 222; revolts by followers of Luther, 305–7; the ‘Diggers’ in Britain, 347–50, 352, 357, 382, 442, 453–4, 480; and French Revolution, 382, 383, 388–9; Brahmins in India, 400; and Karl Marx, 439–40, 441; hierarchy of the disadvantaged, 516, 517; see also poverty; wealth and privilege; the weak and downtrodden