social reform, 426–7
Sodom and Gomorrah, 271–2, 273–5
sodomy, 272–3, 432, 433, 434, 479, 514; see also homosexuality
Solomon, King, 35, 54, 55
the Somme, Battle of, 443–4, 445, 447, 456, 462
Sophocles: Oedipus the King, 16–17; Antigone, 17–18
South Africa, 364, 484–6; apartheid in, 486–7, 488, 489
Soviet Union, 452–4; Cold War, 473; collapse of, 488–9
Spain: Visigoths in, 164, 177; fall to Islam, 165, 177; Christian military defeats (1190s), 244; Saracen defeat at Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), 246, 247; as great battlefield between good and evil, 247; El Encubierto (the Hidden One), 286, 287; fall of Granada (1492), 286–7; imperialism, 287–93, 330–1, 332; Inquisition, 290; ultimatum to Jews (1492), 290; Dutch rebels, 318, 322
Sparta, 12, 125
Spinoza, Baruch, 358–60, 370; Theological-Political Treatise (1670), 359–63, 377
SS (Schutzstaffel), 459–60, 466
Starr, Ringo, 472, 497, 510*
Stephen (Waik), King of Hungarians, 202, 203, 204, 231, 330
Stoic philosophy, 27–8, 59, 151; and St Paul, 77–8, 104, 222
Strasbourg, 313
Sumner, William Graham, 436
Sweden, 312, 341
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, xxviii
Syria, 42, 46, 96, 164, 165, 171, 172; civil war (from 2011), 495–6
Taborites, 276–7, 281–4, 382, 442
Tacitus, 85*
Tarsus, port-city of, 70, 171
Tasmania, 427
Tenochtitlan, 289–91, 292, 399
the Vosges, 157
Thebes (Greece), 16–18
Theodore, St, (ascetic in Galatia), 153, 164
Theodore, St, (archbishop of Canterbury), 171, 172–4, 181
theology: Origen’s theologia, 105, 106; Trinity concept, 105, 114–15, 166–7, 350, 351; and Aristotle, 106, 248–51, 258, 292, 331, 337, 338, 415; and Constantine, 114–16; and God’s vengeance on the Jews, 163; Abelard’s use of reason, 223–8; as the queen of sciences, 228, 254, 429; revelation and reason, 250–1, 260; and heliocentrism, 339–40; Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise (1670), 359–63, 377; ‘natural theology’, 422, 423, 424–5, 428–9; and apartheid in South Africa, 485, 486; as deeply embedded in modern age, 515–16, 522; see also Aquinas, Thomas, St; Calvin, Jean; Luther, Martin
Therasia (wife of Paulinus), 133
Thirty Years War, 324–5, 341–2, 343, 353, 354
Thunor (pagan god), 189, 191, 320
Thuringia, court of, 231–2, 234, 236–7, 303
Thurman, Uma, 512
time: dating systems, xxiv, 173, 188; end of the world, 150–4, 156–7, 163–5; in early philosophy, 151; straight line from Genesis to Revelation, 152–3, 420; vision of the afterlife, 154–5; order of the saeculum, 159–60, 519; Bede renders as Christian, 173, 188; cycle of the year, 188, 197; as decisive test of Christian order, 197; modernitas, 230, 279–80; Joachim’s prophecy, 256; Hilten’s prophesies, 284–6, 294, 304; and Columbus, 288; and the New World, 288–9, 290; Chinese calendars, 329–30, 332, 333, 334–6, 343; French revolutionary calendar, 380–1; three ages of European history, 381–2; and geology, 420–2
Toledo, 248
toleration, concept of: and English Civil War, 350–1, 352; and Westphalian system, 353; and Cromwell, 353–5, 356–7; and Act of Uniformity in Britain, 359; and Spinoza, 359–63, 370; Penn in Philadelphia, 365, 368–70, 384; and Voltaire, 375
Tolkien, J. R. R., 460–1, 464, 502; The Lord of the Rings, 461–3, 464, 469–71, 501, 502; on myth, 524
torture instruments/methods: in Greek world, 4; in ancient Persia, 5–6, 8; scaphe in ancient Persia, 5–6, 8, 47, 390; in the Roman amphitheatre, 91–2, 93–4
Toulouse, 242–3, 244–6, 371–3, 378, 387
Tours, 127, 128–31, 153, 155, 195; St Martin’s basilica at, 139–40, 177, 379–80, 382; collections of scripture written by monks, 195–6
Trojan War, 13–14, 15, 127
Trump, Donald J., 512–14, 516
Tunis, 170–1, 417
Tutu, Desmond, 485, 486, 487
Ulfilas (priest), 186, 192
Ulrich (bishop of Augsburg), 199
United Nations, 494, 495, 505
United States of America, xxv, xxvi; book of Genesis as seedbed of Republic, 384; constitution, 384; slavery in southern states, 394, 415, 417, 426; Civil War, 417, 426; the West in nineteenth century, 419–20, 424, 427, 435; Cold War, 473; racism and segregation in, 474–6; campaign for civil rights in, 474–7, 515; assassination of King (April 1968), 477–8; 11 September 2001 terror attacks, 489–90; religious sex scandals, 510–11; culture wars, 512–17
Urban II, Pope, 216–18, 220, 244
Urban VI, Pope, 265, 266
Urban VIII, Pope (Maffeo Barberini), 337, 340–1
Ussher, James, archbishop of Armagh, 420
Utrecht, 189
Valladolid, 331
Vandals, 137
Vatican, building of St Peter’s at, 293
Venice, 274, 330
Venus, 262–3, 268
Vienna, Congress of (1814–15), 393–4, 395, 405
Vienne (city south of Lyon), 89–90, 91–2, 93–4, 95, 97–8
Vikings, 197, 201
Virgil, 57, 65
Visconti, Mateo, 256
Visigoths, 137, 164, 177
Voltaire, 373–9, 385, 387, 395, 430
Waldensians, 234–5, 240
Wales, 316, 317
Wartburg, castle of, 234, 236, 303–4, 467
Washington, George, 384
Waterloo, Battle of (18 June 1815), 395–6, 405
the weak and downtrodden: ‘So the last will be first, and the first last’, xxi, 271, 378, 418, 425, 449–50, 516; in classical antiquity, xxviii, 121, 390; kingship and equity, 6; and life of Christ, 69, 123–4, 126, 270–1; shaming of the strong by the weak, 74, 525; and Julian, 120–1; and Martin of Tours, 127, 128–32, 137, 139–40, 382–3; de Sade’s view of, 391, 392–3; implications of evolutionary theory, 423, 425–8; Nietzsche’s view of, 446–7, 449–50; Hitler’s contempt for Christian teachings, 459–60, 465
wealth and privilege: in Roman world, xiii–xiv, 28, 73, 74, 107, 121–4, 126, 132–7; and teachings of Jesus, xxi, 129–31, 132–3, 134, 135–6, 138–9, 277, 279, 349, 382, 436; in Book of Job, 48; shaming of the strong by the weak, 74, 525; and Origen, 107; rich Christians, 121–2, 132–7, 277, 325; Pelagius on, 136, 348; Augustine of Hippo’s teachings, 138–40; the Pope at Avignon, 261; and sans-culottes in French Revolution, 382, 383; and Carnegie, 435–8, 439; and Lennon’s ‘Imagine’, 480; in Trump’s America, 516, 517
Weinberg, Steven, 521
Weinstein, Harvey, 507–8, 509–10, 512
Wessel, Horst, 457–8
West Indies, 287–8, 292, 365–7, 392–3, 394
Westphalia, Treaty of (1648), 353, 354
White Mountain, battle of (1620), 324
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 443, 445, 451
Winstanley, Gerrard, 347–50, 352, 454, 480
Winthrop, John, 326–8, 437
Wittenberg, 294, 295, 296–7, 298–9, 303, 307, 405
Woden, 187, 188, 445
Worms, Diet of, 299–300, 301–3, 310, 311
Wycliffe, John, 278, 280
Xenocrates, 105
Xenophanes, 19–20, 112
Xerxes, King of Persia, 3–5, 9, 10, 13
Xu Guangqi, 329–30, 332, 334–5
Yang Guangxian, 342–3
Yazidis, 525
al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 493–4, 495
Zeno, 27, 105
Zeus, 13, 14, 31, 44–5
Žižka, Jan, 283–4
Zurich, 313