21. L. A. Marraffini and E. J. Sontheimer, “CRISPR interference limits horizontal gene transfer in Staphylococci by targeting DNA,” Science 322, (2008): 1843–1845, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695655/.
22. Will Doss, “The CRISPR Revolution,” Northwestern Medicine, February 16, 2018, https://magazine.nm.org/2018/02/16/the-crispr-revolution/.
23. K. Davies and S. Moineau, “The Phage Whisperer: An Interview with Sylvain Moineau,” CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 363–366, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2018.29037.kda.
24. J. E. Garneau et al., “The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA,” Nature 468, (2010): 67–71, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09523.
25. Pauline Freour, “Emmanuelle Charpentier: ‘Des qu’on manipule le vivant, il y a un risqué de derive,’ ” Le Figaro, March 22, 2016, http://sante.lefigaro.fr/actualite/2016/03/22/24766-emmanuelle-charpentier-quon-manipule-vivant-il-y-risque-derive.
26. Alison Abbott, “The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier’s life,” Nature, April 27, 2016, https://www.nature.com/news/the-quiet-revolutionary-how-the-co-discovery-of-crispr-explosively-changed-emmanuelle-charpentier-s-life-1.19814.
27. Florence Rosier, “Emmanuelle Charpentier, le ‘charmant petit monstre’ du génie génétique,” Le Monde, January 9, 2015, https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2018/05/31/emmanuelle-charpentier-le-charmant-petit-monstre-du-genie-genetique_4559167_1650684.html.
28. N. Herzberg, “Les nouvelles icones de la biologie,” Le Monde, August 1, 2018, https://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2016/08/01/la-piste-aux-etoiles_4977125_4415198.html.
29. The annual lecture is given in honor of the son of Columbia University chemistry professor Stephen Lippard, who died age seven of a neurological disease. Emmanuelle Charpentier, “The 44th Annual Andrew Mark Lippard Memorial Lecture,” (lecture, Columbia University, New York, September 26, 2018), http://www.columbianeurology.org/44th-annual-andrew-mark-lippard-memorial-lecture.
30. Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity (New York: Vintage Books, 1972).
31. E. Charpentier, “The Kavli Prize: An autobiography by: Emmanuelle Charpentier,” 2018, http://kavliprize.org/sites/default/files/%25nid%25/autobiagraphies_attachments/Emmanuelle%20Charpentier_autobiography.pdf.
32. K. Davies and E. Charpentier, “Finding Her Niche: An Interview with Emmanuelle Charpentier,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019):17–22, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2019.29042.kda
33. Ibid.
Chapter 5: DNA Surgery
1. E. Deltcheva et al., “CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III,” Nature 471, (2011): 602–607, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3070239/.
2. Jennifer Kahn, “The Crispr Quandary,” New York Times Magazine, November 9, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/15/magazine/the-crispr-quandary.html.
3. K. Davies and M. Jínek, “The CRISPR-RNA World: An Interview with Martin Jínek,” CRISPR Journal 3, (2020): 68–72, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2020.29091.mji.
4. Jennifer Doudna, “Why genome editing will change our lives,” Financial Times, March 14, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/582d382c-2647-11e8-b27e-cc62a39d57a0.
5. M. Jínek et al., “A programmable dual-RNA—guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity,” Science 337, (2012): 816–821, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/816/tab-article-info.
6. DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, “Programmable DNA scissors found for bacterial immune system,” Science Daily, June 28, 2012, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120628193020.htm.
7. A. Pollack, “A powerful new way to edit DNA,” New York Times, March 3, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/health/a-powerful-new-way-to-edit-dna.html.
8. S. M. Lee, “Editing DNA could be genetic medicine breakthrough,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 7, 2014, https://www.sfchronicle.com/technology/article/Editing-DNA-could-be-genetic-medicine-breakthrough-5740320.php.
9. S. J. J. Brouns, “A Swiss Army Knife of Immunity,” Science 337, (2012): 808–809, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/808.
10. Fyodor Urnov in Human Nature (2019), https://wondercollaborative.org/human-nature-documentary-film/.
11. R. Barrangou, “RNA-mediated programmable DNA cleavage,” Nature Biotechnology 30, (2012): 836–868, https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.2357.
12. Rodolphe Barrangou, interview, Victoria, Canada, February 21, 2019.
13. D. Carroll, “A CRISPR Approach to Gene Targeting,” Molecular Therapy 20, (2012): 1656–1660, https://www.cell.com/molecular-therapy-family/molecular-therapy/fulltext/S1525-0016(16)32156-6.
14. R. Sapranauskas et al., “The Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR/Cas system provides immunity in Escherichia coli,” Nucleic Acids Research 39, (2011): 9275–9282, doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr606.
15. “Cool,” vol. 1, number 1, July 30, 1990, http://cell.com/pb/assets/raw/journals/research/cell/cell-timeline-40/spoof.pdf.