25. Rodolphe Barrangou, interview, Victoria, Canada, February 21, 2019.
26. L. Cong, F. A. Ran et al., “Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems,” Science 339, (2013): 819–823, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6121/819.full.
27. P. Mali et al., “RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9,” Science 339, (2013): 823–826, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712628/.
28. S. W. Cho et al., “Targeted genome engineering in human cells with the Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease,” Nature Biotechnology 31, (2013): 230–232, https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.2507.
29. W. Y. Hwang et al., “Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system,” Nature Biotechnology 31, (2013): 277–279, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3686313/.
30. W. Jiang et al., “CRISPR-assisted editing of bacterial genomes,” Nature Biotechnology 31, (2013): 233–239, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748948/.
31. Hannah Devlin, “Jennifer Doudna: ‘I have to be true to who I am as a scientist,’ ” Guardian, July 2, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/02/jennifer-doudna-crispr-i-have-to-be-true-to-who-i-am-as-a-scientist-interview-crack-in-creation.
32. Matt Ridley, “Editing Our Genes, One Letter at a Time,” Wall Street Journal, January 11, 2013, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323482504578227661405130902.
33. Matthew Herper, “This protein could change biotech forever,” Forbes, March 19, 2013, https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/03/19/the-protein-that-could-change-biotech-forever/.
34. K. Karczewski, “Progress in genomics according to bingo: 2013 edition,” Genome Biology 14, (2013): 143, https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb4148.
35. Q. Ding et al., “Enhanced Efficiency of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Genome Editing through Replacing TALENs with CRISPRs,” Cell Stem Cell 12, (2013): 393–394, https://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(13)00101-X
36. T. J. Cradick, online interview, June 30, 2020.
37. Jon Cohen, “The Birth of CRISPR Inc.,” Science 355, (2017): 680–684, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6326/680.summary.
38. R. Coontz, “Science’s top ten breakthroughs of 2013,” Science, December 19, 2013, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/12/sciences-top-10-breakthroughs-2013.
39. John Travis, “Breakthrough of the Year: CRISPR makes the cut,” Science, December 17, 2015, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/12/and-science-s-2015-breakthrough-year.
Chapter 7: Prize Fight
1. Patrick Gillooly, “Lander named to Obama’s science team,” MIT News, December 22, 2008, http://news.mit.edu/2008/lander-named-obamas-science-team.
2. Veronique Greenwood and Valerie Ross, “How Feng Zhang modified a cell’s genome on the fly,” Popular Science, October 23, 2013, https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-09/feng-zhang/.
3. Eric S. Lander, “The heroes of CRISPR,” Cell 164, (2016): 18–28, https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(15)01705-5.pdf.
4. Michael Eisen, “The villain of CRISPR,” It is NOT Junk (blog), January 25, 2016, http://www.michaeleisen.org/blog/?p=1825.
5. Nathaniel Comfort, “A Whig history of CRISPR,” Genotopia, January 18, 2016, https://genotopia.scienceblog.com/573/a-whig-history-of-crispr/.
6. Jennifer Doudna, “PubMed Commons,” 2016, posted by Richard Sever, https://twitter.com/search?q=pubmed%20commons%20charpentier&src=typd.
7. Bob Grant, “Credit for CRISPR: A Conversation with George Church,” The Scientist, December 29, 2015, https://www.the-scientist.com/news-analysis/credit-for-crispr-a-conversation-with-george-church-34306.
8. George Church, interview, Boston, August 2, 2019.
9. Samuel Sternberg, “Humans By Design: Covering the Genome Editing Revolution,” New York University, March 6, 2018, https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/event/2018-spring/humans-by-design-covering-the-gene-editing-revolution/.
10. Jennifer A. Doudna and Samuel H. Sternberg, A Crack in Creation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).
11. CanadaGairdnerAwards, “Jennifer Doudna-2016 Canada Gairdner Awards Gala,” YouTube video, 5:31, last viewed May 1, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLOSMcQ2iec&t=.
12. Rodolphe Barrangou, interview, Victoria, Canada, February 21, 2019.
13. Ibid.
14. Albany Med, “Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research panel discussion,” YouTube video, 1:23:27, last viewed May 10, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNlukM56bsY.
15. Clara Rodriguez Fernandez, “Francis Mojica, the Spanish Scientist Who Discovered CRISPR,” Labiotech, April 8, 2019, https://labiotech.eu/interviews/francis-mojica-crispr-interview/.
16. Jennifer A. Doudna, “The promise and challenge of therapeutic genome editing,” Nature 578, (2020): 229–236, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-1978-5?proof=true.
17. L. S. Qi et al., “Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression,” Cell 152, (2013): 1173–1184, https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(13)00211-0.
18. H. A. Rees and D. R. Liu, “Base editing: Precision Chemistry on the Genome and Transcriptome of Living Cells,” Nature Reviews Genetics 19, (2018): 770–788, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30323312/.