4. J. He and M. W. Deem, “Heterogeneous diversity of spacers within CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats),” Physical Review Letters 105, (2010): 128102, https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.128102#fulltext.
5. Kevin Davies, The $1,000 Genome (New York: Free Press, 2010).
6. Patrick Hoge, “Stephen Quake is ‘out to hunt death down and punch him in the face,’ ” San Francisco Business Times, June 8, 2017, https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2017/06/08/biotech-2017-stephen-quake-chan-zuckerberg-biohub.html.
7. D. Pushkarev et al., “Single-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome,” Nature Biotechnology 27, (2009): 847–850, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4117198/.
8. Kevin Davies, “Quake Sequences Personal Genome Using Helicos Single-Molecule Sequencing,” Bio-IT World, August 10, 2019, http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/08/10/09/stephen-quake-personal-genome-single-molecule-sequencing.html.
9. E. A. Ashley et al., “Clinical evaluation incorporating a personal genome,” Lancet 375, (2010): 1525–1535, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937184/.
10. Kevin Davies, “The Medical Utility of Genome Sequencing,” Bio-IT World, June 8, 2011, http://www.bio-itworld.com/2011/issues/may-jun/medical-utility-genome-sequencing.html.
11. Steve Lombardi, phone interview, July 23, 2019.
12. H. C. Fan et al., “Noninvasive diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy by shotgun sequencing DNA from maternal blood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, (2008): 16266 –16271, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2562413/.
13. N. Jiang, J. He, J. A. Weinstein et al., “Lineage Structure of the Human Antibody Repertoire in Response to Influenza Vaccination,” Science Translational Medicine 5, (2013): 171ra19, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3699344/.
14. Kevin Davies, “The bedrock of BGI: Huanming Yang,” Bio-IT World, September 27, 2011, http://www.bio-itworld.com/issues/2011/sept-oct/bedrock-bgi-huanming-yang.html.
15. Allison Proffitt, “Sequencing the human secret,” Bio-IT World, September 28, 2010, http://www.bio-itworld.com/2010/issues/sep-oct/bgi-hk.html.
16. R. Li et al., “The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome,” Nature 463, (2010): 311–317, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08696.
17. Julianna LeMieux, “MGI Delivers the $100 Genome at AGBT,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, February 26, 2020, https://www.genengnews.com/topics/omics/mgi-delivers-the-100-genome-at-agbt-conference/.
18. Michael Specter, “The Gene Factory,” New Yorker, December 29, 2013, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/01/06/the-gene-factory.
19. Karen Zhang, “Before gene-editing controversy, Chinese scientist He Jiankui was rising star who received 41.5 million yuan in government grants,” South China Morning Post, December 3, 2018, https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2176131/gene-editing-controversy-chinese-scientist-he?onboard=true.
20. Aaron Krol, “Direct Genomics’ new clinical sequencer revives a forgotten DNA technology,” Bio-IT World, October 29, 2015, http://www.bio-itworld.com/2015/10/29/direct-genomics-new-clinical-sequencer-revives-forgotten-dna-technology.html.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Steve Lombardi, phone interview, July 23, 2019.
24. Hannah Devlin, “Britain’s House of Lords approves conception of three-person babies,” Guardian, February 24, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/feb/24/uk-house-of-lords-approves-conception-of-three-person-babies.
25. Jessica Hamzelou, “Exclusive: World’s first baby born with new ‘3 parent’ technique,” New Scientist, September 27, 2016, https://www.newscientist.com/article/2107219-exclusive-worlds-first-baby-born-with-new-3-parent-technique/.
26. Ariana Eunjung Cha, “This fertility doctor is pushing the boundaries of human reproduction, with little regulation,” Washington Post, May 14, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/this-fertility-doctor-is-pushing-the-boundaries-of-human-reproduction-with-little-regulation/2018/05/11/ea9105dc-1831-11e8-8b08-027a6ccb38eb_story.html.
27. Megan Molteni, “A Controversial Fertility Treatment Gets Its First Big Test,” WIRED, January 28, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/a-controversial-fertility-treatment-gets-its-first-big-test/.
28. Emily Mullin, “Despite Calls for a Moratorium, More ‘Three-Parent’ Babies Expected Soon,” One Zero, September 16, 2019, https://onezero.medium.com/despite-calls-for-a-moratorium-more-three-parent-babies-expected-soon-8a2464165423.
29. Ian Sample, “World’s first baby born from new procedure using DNA of three people,” Guardian, September 27, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/27/worlds-first-baby-born-using-dna-from-three-parents.
30. Emily Mullin, “U.S. researcher says he’s ready to start four pregnancies with ‘three-parent’ embryos,” STAT, April 18, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/04/18/new-york-researcher-ready-to-start-pregnancies-with-three-parent-embryos/.