48. Giro Studio, “Editorial Humility: A Moratorium on Heritable Genome Editing?,” YouTube video, 2:17:43, May 6, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7p4D31aLTI&list=PLdT7Y4C6bsoRyqh-mpBZBCIPsOKey5YsJ&index=11&t=994s.
49. Françoise Baylis, Keystone Symposium, Banff, Canada, February 9, 2020.
50. Mei Fong, “Before the Claims of CRISPR Babies, There Was China’s One-Child Policy,” New York Times, November 28, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/28/opinion/china-crispr-babies.html.
51. H. Wang and H. Yang, “Gene-edited babies: What went wrong and what could go wrong,” PLOS Biology 17: e3000224, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000224.
52. M. Zhang et al., “Human cleaving embryos enable robust homozygotic nucleotide substitutions by base editors,” Genome Biology 20, (2019): 101, https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-019-1703-6#Decs.
53. Stephen Chen, “Gene-editing breakthrough in China comes with urgent call for global rules,” South China Morning Post, June 1, 2019, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3012615/gene-editing-breakthrough-china-comes-urgent-call-global-rules.
54. Heidi Ledford, “CRISPR gene editing in human embryos wreaks chromosomal mayhem,” Nature, June 25, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01906-4.
Chapter 20: To Extinction and Beyond
1. Ben Mezrich, Woolly: The True Story of the Quest to Revive One of History’s Most Iconic Extinct Creatures (New York: Atria Books, 2017).
2. Ozzy Osbourne, “The Osbourne Identity,” Sunday Times, October 24, 2010, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-osbourne-identity-d9kjh3cxmql.
3. G. M. Church, “Sponsored sequencing: our vision for the future of genomics,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, June 11, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/commentary/sponsored-sequencing-our-vision-for-the-future-of-genomics/.
4. Stephen Colbert, “George Church,” Time, April 20, 2017, https://time.com/collection/2017-time-100/4742749/george-church/.
5. Constance Grady, “It’s Margaret Atwood’s dystopian future, and we’re just living in it,” Vox, June 8, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/6/8/11885596/margaret-atwood-dystopian-future-handmaids-tale-maddaddam-pigoons.
6. Michael Specter, “How the DNA revolution is changing us,” National Geographic, August 2016, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/.
7. D. Niu et al., “Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9,” Science 357, (2017): 1303–1307, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6357/1303.
8. Alice George, “The sad, sad story of Laika, the space dog, and her one-way trip into orbit,” Smithsonianmag.com, April 11, 2018, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/sad-story-laika-space-dog-and-her-one-way-trip-orbit-1-180968728/.
9. Eriona Hysolli, “An American-Russian collaboration to repopulate Siberia with woolly mammoths… or something similar,” Medium, December 31, 2018, https://medium.com/@eriona.hysolli/an-american-russian-collaboration-to-repopulate-siberia-with-woolly-mammoths-or-something-similar-9cbac4e985cb.
10. George Church, interview HMS, Boston, August 3, 2019.
11. Ross Andersen, “The Arctic Mosquito Swarms Large Enough to Kill a Baby Caribou,” Atlantic, September 16, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/09/arctic-mosquitoes-and-the-chaos-of-climate-change/405322/.
12. Beth Shapiro, How to Clone a Mammoth (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2015).
13. The Royal Institution, “How to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction—with Beth Shapiro,” YouTube video, 54:10, last viewed June 15, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xO043PSBnKU.
14. Ben Jacob Novak, “De-Extinction,” Genes 9, (2018): 548, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/9/11/548/htm.
15. Steven Salzberg, “The Loneliest Word, And The Extinction Crisis,” Forbes, July 8, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2019/07/08/is-this-the-loneliest-word/#1d02e2bd2367.
16. Ed Yong, “The last of its kind,” Atlantic, July 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/07/extinction-endling-care/590617/.
17. Stewart Brand, “The dawn of de-extinction. Are you ready?,” TED, February 2013, https://www.ted.com/talks/stewart_brand_the_dawn_of_de_extinction_are_you_ready?language=en.
18. Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2014).
19. B. J. Novak et al., “Advancing a New Toolkit for Conservation: From Science to Policy,” CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 11–15, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.0019.
20. Gabriel Popkin, “To save iconic American chestnut, researchers plan introduction of genetically engineered tree into the wild,” Science, August 29, 2018, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/08/save-iconic-american-chestnut-researchers-plan-introduction-genetically-engineered-tree.
21. G. G. R. Murray et al., “Natural selection shaped the rise and fall of passenger pigeon genomic diversity,” Science 358, (2017): 951–954, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6365/951.