52. Antonio Regalado, “Gene-edited cattle have a major screwup in their DNA,” MIT Technology Review, August 29, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/614235/recombinetics-gene-edited-hornless-cattle-major-dna-screwup/.
53. C. Tait-Burkhard et al., “Livestock 2.0—genome editing for fitter, healthier, and more productive farmed animals,” Genome Biology 19, (2018): 204, https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-018-1583-1.
54. Q. Zheng et al., “Reconstitution of UCP1 Using CRISPR/Cas9 in the White Adipose Tissue of Pigs Decreases Fat Deposition and Improves Thermogenic Capacity,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114, (2017): E9474–9482, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5692550/.
Chapter 22: CRISPR Prime
1. Victor A. McKusick, “The defect in Marfan syndrome,” Nature 352, (1991): 279–281, https://www.nature.com/articles/352279a0.pdf.
2. Steve Jones, The Language of Genes (New York: Anchor Books, 1994).
3. K. O’Brien, “He is blazing his own molecular trials,” Boston Globe, February 13, 2006, http://archive.boston.com/news/science/articles/2006/02/13/he_is_blazing_his_own_molecular_trails/.
4. Megan Molteni, “Inside a chemist’s quest to hack evolution and cure genetic disease,” WIRED, June 12, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/inside-a-chemists-quest-to-hack-evolution-and-cure-genetic-disease/.
5. K. M. Esvelt et al., “A System for the Continuous Directed Evolution of Biomolecules,” Nature 472, (2011): 499–503, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084352/.
6. Asher Mullard, “An audience with David Liu,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 18, (2019): 330–331, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-019-00067-y.
7. CEN Online, “David Liu—Advice to the future of chemistry,” YouTube video, 30:12, last viewed March 3, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnf1C8Qf4hw.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ryan Cross, “Inventor, chemist, and CRISPR craftsman: Inside David Liu’s evolution workshop,” Chemical & Engineering News, April 16, 2018, https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/biotechnology/Inventor-chemist-CRISPR-craftsman-Inside/96/i16.
11. K. Davies, N. Gaudelli, and A. C. Komor, “The Beginning of Base Editing: An Interview with Alexis C. Komor and Nicole M. Gaudelli,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 81–90, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2019.29050.kda.
12. A. C. Komor et al., “Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage,” Nature 533, (2016): 420–424, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17946.
13. N. M. Gaudelli et al., “Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage,” Nature 551, (2017): 464–471, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24644.
14. H. A. Rees and D. R. Liu, “Base editing: precision chemistry on the genome and transcriptome of living cells,” Nature Reviews Genetics 19, (2018): 770–788, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-018-0059-1.
15. Megan Molteni, “Inside a chemist’s quest to hack evolution and cure genetic disease,” WIRED, June 12, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/inside-a-chemists-quest-to-hack-evolution-and-cure-genetic-disease/.
16. Kevin Davies, “All about that base editing,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, May 1, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/insights/all-about-that-base-editing/.
17. David Liu, phone interview, March 8, 2019.
18. M. F. Richter et al., “Phage-assisted evolution of an adenine base editor with improved Cas domain compatibility and activity,” Nature Biotechnology, March 20, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-020-0453-z.
19. Kevin Davies, “Base Editing Promise in Treating a Mouse Model of Progeria,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, February 14, 2020, https://www.genengnews.com/news/base-editing-promise-in-treating-a-mouse-model-of-progeria/.
20. Sharon Begley, “In its first tough test, CRISPR base editing slashes cholesterol levels in monkeys,” STAT, June 27, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/27/crispr-base-editing-slashes-cholesterol-in-monkeys/.
21. Kary Mullis, Nobel lecture, December 8, 1993, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1993/mullis/lecture/.
22. Andrew Anzalone, Nature press conference, October 17, 2019.
23. David Liu, Nature press conference, October 17, 2019.
24. A. Anzalone et al., “Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA,” Nature 576, (2019): 149–157, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1711-4.
25. Megan Molteni, “A New Crispr Technique Could Fix Almost All Genetic Diseases,” WIRED, October 21, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/a-new-crispr-technique-could-fix-many-more-genetic-diseases/.
26. Sharon Begley, “New CRISPR tool has the potential to correct almost all disease-causing DNA glitches, scientists report,” STAT, October 21, 2019, https://www.statnews.com/2019/10/21/new-crispr-tool-has-potential-to-correct-most-disease-causing-dna-glitches/.
27. Julianna LeMieux, “Genome Editing Heads to Primetime,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, October 21, 2019, https://www.genengnews.com/insights/genome-editing-heads-to-primetime/.
28. David Liu, ESGCT conference, Barcelona, Spain, October 24, 2019.