29. Antonio Regalado, “The newest gene editor radically improves on CRISPR,” MIT Techology Review, October 21, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/614599/the-newest-gene-editor-radically-improves-on-crispr/.
30. Megan Molteni, “This Company Wants to Rewrite the Future of Genetic Disease,” WIRED, July 7, 2020, https://www.wired.com/storythis-company-wants-to-rewrite-the-future-of-genetic-disease/.
31. B. Y. Mok, M. H. de Moraes, et al., “A bacterial cytidine deaminase toxin enables CRISPR-free mitochondrial base editing,” Nature, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2477-4.
32. A. V. Anzalone, L. W. Koblan, and D. R. Liu, “Genome editing with CRISPR–Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases and prime editors,” Nature Biotechnology, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-020-0561-9.
33. Katie Jennings, “This Startup Might Finally Cure Sickle Cell Disease—After A Century Of Racist Neglect,” Forbes, July 10, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/katiejennings/2020/07/10/this-startup-might-finally-cure-sickle-cell-disease-after-a-century-of-racist-neglect/#43b401104d3e.
Chapter 23: Volitional Evolution
1. Kevin Davies, “GenePeeks’ Sperm Bank Acquisition Heralds Genome Screening of ‘Virtual Progeny,’ ” Bio-IT World, January 4, 2013, http://www.bio-itworld.com/2013/1/4/sperm-bank-acquisition-heralds-genome-screening-virtual-progeny.html.
2. Fyodor Urnov, Keystone symposium, Banff, Canada, February 9, 2020.
3. Eric Lander, International Summit on Human Gene Editing, Washington, DC, December 1, 2015.
4. A. H. Handyside et al., “Pregnancies From Biopsied Human Preimplantation Embryos Sexed by Y-specific DNA Amplification,” Nature 344, (1990): 768–770, https://www.nature.com/articles/344768a0.
5. M. Viotti et al., “Estimating Demand for Germline Genome Editing: An In Vitro Fertilization Clinic Perspective,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 304–315, https://doi.org/10.1089/crispr.2019.0044.
6. Ibid.
7. Jeffrey Steinberg, “Choose Your Baby’s Eye Color,” The Fertility Institutes, https://www.fertility-docs.com/programs-and-services/pgd-screening/choose-your-babys-eye-color.php (accessed January 27, 2020).
8. Rob Stein, “Scientists attempt controversial experiment to edit DNA in human sperm using CRISPR,” NPR, August 22, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/08/22/746321083/scientists-attempt-controversial-experiment-to-edit-dna-in-human-sperm-using-cri.
9. Philip R. Reilly, Abraham Lincoln’s DNA (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press, 2000).
10. M. Pagel, “Designer Humans,” The Edge, 2016, https://www.edge.org/response-detail/26605.
11. Leon Kass, “Preventing a Brave New World,” The New Republic, June 21, 2001, https://web.stanford.edu/~mvr2j/sfsu09/extra/Kass3.pdf.
12. Derek So, “The Use and Misuse of Brave New World in the CRISPR Debate,” CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 316–322, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2019.0046.
13. J. J. Cox et al., “An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain,” Nature 444, (2006): 894–898, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167479.
14. Matthew Shaer, “The family that feels almost no pain,” Smithsonian Magazine, May 2019, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/family-feels-almost-no-pain-180971915/.
15. Michael Segalov, “Meet the super humans,” Observer, January 26, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jan/26/meet-the-super-humans-four-people-describe-their-extraordinary-powers.
16. Helen Branswell, “Experts search for answers in limited information about mystery pneumonia outbreak in China,” STAT, January 4, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/04/mystery-pneumonia-outbreak-china/.
17. J. F. Arboleda-Velasquez et al., “Resistance to autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease in an APOE3 Christchurch homozygote: a case report,” Nature Medicine 25, (2019): 1680–1683, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0611-3.
18. Tony Kettle, “Christchurch discovery holds promise for Alzheimer’s disease,” Stuff, December 16, 2019, https://www.stuff.co.nz/science/118119856/christchurch-discovery-holds-promise-for-alzheimers-disease.
19. Stephen S. Hall, “Genetics: A gene of rare effect,” Nature 9, (April 2013), https://www.nature.com/news/genetics-a-gene-of-rare-effect-1.12773.
20. knoepflerp, “The Science and Ethics of Genetically Engineered Human DNA,” YouTube video, 1:43:45, June 19, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLne4CnMXzo.
21. M. Sulak et al., “TP53 copy number expansion is associated with the evolution of increased body size and an enhanced DNA damage response in elephants,” eLife 5, (2016): e11994, https://elifesciences.org/articles/11994.
22. Emily Mullin, “The Defense Department Plans to Build Radiation-proof CRISPR Soldiers,” OneZero, September 27, 2019, https://onezero.medium.com/the-government-aims-to-use-crispr-to-make-soldiers-radiation-proof-3e18b00c9553.
23. Anjana Ahuja, “Crossing ethical red lines in gene editing,” Financial Times, December 27, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/6218346c-258d-11ea-9f81-051dbffa088d.
24. Eric Lander, International Summit on Human Gene Editing, Washington, DC, December 1, 2015.
25. Alissa Poh, “My Cell Phone Rings in A Minor,” Science Notes, 2008, http://sciencenotes.ucsc.edu/0801/pages/pitch/pitch.html.