Embryo implantation, 339
Embryonic stem cells, 107, 355
“End of the Beginning, The,” 128–129
Endangered species, xii, 6, 264, 285–288
Engelhardt, Vladimir, 108
“Engineering on the Brain,” 85
Epigenetics, 109, 322
ERS Genomics, 170
Esrick, Erica, 157
Esvelt, Kevin, 79, 87, 290–293, 295–299, 324
Etienne, Brunel, Jr., 158
Eugenics and Health Protection Law, 267
Eugenics Education Society, 341
European Patent Office (EPO), 184, 189
Evans, John, 330, 359, 360
Evans, Martin, 98, 107
Evolution
hierarchical evolution, 207
microbial evolution, 38
natural evolution, 29
views on, 15, 291
volitional evolution, 337–360
Exonics, 175–177
Extinction, 6, 279, 283–288
“Extraordinary Guangdong,” 265
Extraordinary Measures, 163
F
Face transplant, 360
Facial features, 357
Fan, Christina, 208
Fantastic Voyage, 4
Farm aid, 301–320
Fauci, Anthony, 96
Feinstein, Dianne, 258
Felipe II, King, 30
Ferny Fertility Clinic, 340
Ferrell, Ryan, 193, 195, 197–203, 211, 228, 230, 239–240, 257
Fire, Andy, 50
Firestein, Stuart, 72
Fischer, Alain, 111–112, 144, 146, 161
Fleay, David, 286
Fleming, Alexander, 7, 92
Flies, 298–299
Flotte, Terry, 164
Fonfara, Ines, 64
Fong, Mei, 268, 275
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 119, 122, 144, 150–151, 155, 159–162, 165, 212–214, 239, 258, 264, 267, 273, 315–317, 345, 363–365
Forbes, 89
Ford, Harrison, 163
Forever Fix, The, 147
Foy, Shaun, 170
Francis, Pope, 13–14
Francis Crick Institute, 222, 234
Frangoul, Haydar, 170
Franklin, Rosalind, 7, 47, 60, 92, 110, 123, 125, 126, 132
Fraser, Brendan, 163
Fraser, Claire, 32
Fremaux, Christophe, 44
Friedmann, Theodore (Ted), 135, 140–141, 146
Frost, Lucy, 162
Fu, Ying-Hui, 346
Fungus, 67, 287, 311–312
FUT2, 343–344
“Future, Human, Nature: Reading, Writing, Revolution,” 221
“Future of Man, The,” 132
G
Gabriel, Meabh, 13
Gabriel, Peter, 13
Gabriel, Stacey, 94
Gaiman, Neil, 1
Game of Thrones, 244, 346
Gantz, Valentino, 293
Gao, Guangping, 145
Gartner Hype Cycle, 144–145
Gasiunas, Giedrius, 69
Gates, Bill, 97, 171, 293, 299–300, 353
Gates, Henry “Skip,” 353
Gates Foundation, 158, 293
Gattaca, 355
Gaudelli, Nicole, 325–326, 328–329, 331
Geisinger healthcare, 230
Gelsinger, Jesse, 112, 141–144, 146, 149, 159, 164, 227, 259, 267, 293
Gelsinger, Paul, 141–144, 164
GenBank, 35
Gendaq, 110
Gene, The (book), xi, xviii, 143
Gene, The (documentary), xi, 144, 354–355
Gene mapping, xiii–xiv, 15–18, 91, 123, 138, 348
Gene Sequencing Center, 209
Gene surgery, 25, 199, 204, 247
Gene therapy
beginnings of, xi, xvi, 135–138
challenges with, 141–178
cost of, 159–161
father of, 151
germline and, 254, 359–360
problems with, 141–145
retinal gene therapy, 148–151
stem cells and, 119, 136, 144, 181
trials, 111–112, 116, 133–151, 159, 253
“Gene Therapy for Genetic Disease?,” 135
Gene-editing technology. See also Genome editing
applications, x–xi, 65–68
CRISPR-Cas9 and, 21–24
debates on, x–xi
gene-edited fetus, x–xi
plants, 301–320
precision of, 29, 86–87, 94, 112, 116–122
Genentech, 53, 94, 110, 111
GenePeeks, 338
Genes. See also Genome editing
cancer genes, xiii–xiv, 138, 224, 340, 351
CRISPR and, xii
cutting, xii
diseases and, xi–xviii, 5
identifying, xi, 5
mutations in, xvi, 5, 12, 113, 118, 152, 157, 175–176, 227, 270, 321–322, 328–334, 342
rewriting, xii
therapeutic gene, 16, 112, 140–149, 336
Genetic alphabet, xi, xvi, 17, 25, 68, 130, 323, 334
Genetic code
amino-acid code and, 77
cleaving, 322–323
correcting, 167–168
cracking, 18, 131, 362
CRISPR and, ix–xvi, 21
editing, 236, 338–339
elucidation of, 128–131
of Haloferax species, 31–33
interfering with, 271
modifying, 128–129, 236, 322–323, 336–339
moral code and, xviii, 277, 288–296, 355–360
mutations in, 247–248, 322–323
reading, xv–xviii, 5, 77, 107, 248
rewriting, x–xvi, 5, 236, 323, 336–337
Genetic engineering, 124, 133
Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, 89, 335
Genetic therapy, xvi, xviii, 88, 133, 140, 155, 357
Genetically modified organism (GMO), xvi, 45, 67, 170, 287, 294–295, 298, 301–320, 356
Genetics
advances in, xv–xvi
bacterial genetics, 40
biochemical genetics, 131–132
epigenetics, 109, 322
molecular genetics, 18, 58–59, 109
optogenetics, 78–79
prenatal genetics, 155, 355
Genome editing
applications, 65–68
artificial intelligence and, 349–350
beginnings of, 19–21, 179–180
benefits of, xvi–xviii, 14–16, 167–168
before CRISPR, 5, 105–122, 289
CRISPR and, 20–21, 28–29, 54–56
development of, 20
dinosaurs and, 76–77
diseases and, xviii, 84
early platforms of, xii, 5, 19–21, 105–122
establishing, xvi–xvii
ethics of, ix, 4–5, 11, 14–16, 195, 199–200, 231, 235–246, 264
explanation of, xvi–xviii, 4–5, 19–21, 28–29
fears about, 295–296, 358–359
forms of, 20–21
future of, 357–367
heritable genome editing, xvii, 228, 257, 362
human genome editing, ix–x, 15–16, 220, 233, 256–258
mosaicism and, 199, 220, 248–249, 262–263, 339
precision of, 29, 86–87, 94, 112, 116–122
progress in, 19–21, 322–323
revolution in, 4–5, 20–21
stem cells and, 84, 116
technologies of, 4–7, 322–323
term for, 20
trials, xvi–xvii
twin girls, x, 14, 195, 203–204, 235–249, 253, 261–263, 354–356
warnings about, 11, 255–257
Genome engineering, xvi, 56, 74, 82, 87, 102, 233, 326, 339
Genome Research, 38
Genome sequencing
cracking, 18, 131, 210, 362
future of, 357–358
human genome sequence, 112, 226–228
impact of, xi, xv, 265, 287
map of, 17, 18, 91
mosaicism and, 199, 248
mutations and, 227–228
progress in, 279–281
revolution in, 46
Genomes
editing platforms, xii
of humans, xii
of livestock, xii
modulating, xii
in newborn baby, xv
of parasites, xii
of plants, xii
Genomic Prediction, 350–352
Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 325
Genovo, 142–143
Gerby, Sue, 109
Germline
barriers with, 359–360
crossing, 245–259, 341
editing process, xvii, 14–15, 73, 203–205, 213–214, 220–234, 238–241, 250–258, 265–276, 338–347, 353–363
gene therapy and, 254, 359–360
genetic engineering of, 133
human germline editing, 197, 200–205, 213, 221–227, 238, 243, 254–258, 261–267, 339, 343
mitochondrial germline therapy, 221
modification process, 246–247, 254
moratorium debate, 15, 204, 225, 238–241, 254–259, 272–275, 296, 338, 355
warnings about, 254–257
Ghebreyesus, Tedros, 271
Gilmore, Michael, 81–83, 182