Musunuru, Kiran, 89, 195, 227, 261–263, 345
Mutations
in cells, 318, 334
correcting, 12, 116, 167–168, 247, 331–335
diseases and, 5, 12, 118, 157, 175–176, 227, 247, 261, 322, 334–335, 347
in DNA, 29, 303
in families, xiv
in genes, xvi, 5, 12, 113, 118, 152, 157, 175–176, 227, 270, 321–322, 328–334, 342
in plants, 303, 306
MYBPC3, 223–224
MyCode biobank, 230
Myer, Vic, 49
Myotubular myopathy, 164
Myriad Genetics, xiv, 89, 138
N
Nakata, Atsuo, 33
Nanopores, xv, 89
Napster, 166
Narasimhan, Vas, 160
National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM), 256–258, 275
National Academy of Sciences, 9, 201, 220–221, 225, 254, 302, 360
National Center for Biotechnology Information, 34, 345
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 15, 18, 34, 50, 84, 107, 109, 117–118, 130–131, 135–140, 149, 155–158, 180, 226, 238, 252, 331, 362
Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 159
Nature, xiii, 15, 18, 35–36, 48, 53, 57, 61–63, 69, 81, 91, 115–117, 125, 137, 146, 195, 197, 203, 211, 216–217, 223, 225, 234, 240, 260–264, 270, 276, 321, 328, 333–334, 348, 367
Nature Biotechnology, 87, 116, 222
Nature Genetics, xiii, 90, 140
Nature Methods, 20, 105
Neale, Benjamin, 348
Nebula Genomics, 281
Necker Hospital, 144
New England Biolabs, 113
New England Journal of Medicine, 133, 150, 160
New Scientist, 335
New York Times, xiv, 17, 18, 46, 67, 78, 89, 126, 140, 227, 242, 245, 251–252, 253, 255, 265
New York University, 196, 229, 250
New Yorker, 92
Newton, Isaac, 72, 331
Next-generation sequencing (NGS), 208–210
Niakan, Kathy, 222, 238, 276
Niccol, Andrew, 355
Nicklaus, Jack, 12
Nirenberg, Marshall, 130–133
Nizar, Neena, 362–363
Noel, Walter, 154
Nolan, Sean, 159
Nolan, Tony, 293, 294
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 13
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), 29, 108
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), 208, 209
Norovirus, 344
Norris, Alexis, 317
North Carolina State University, 42, 320
Northwestern University, 188
Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, 8
Novak, Ben, 288
Novak, Rodger, 170
Novartis, 150, 159–163, 174, 282, 325, 329, 356
Nucleic Acids Research, 38
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 257
Nurse, Paul, 92
O
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 134
Obama, Barack, 78, 91, 153, 255, 358
Obesity, 307, 314, 345, 350–351
O’Brien, Stephen, 117–118
Ochoa, Severo, 38
Odin, 300
Oldham General Hospital, 216
Oliver, John, 29
Olson, Eric, 175–176
One Child, 268
One in a Billion, 279
O’Neill, Helen, 360
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 253–254
Optogenetics, 78–79
Oregon Health & Science University, 172, 223
Organ transplants, 6, 163, 281–283
Orkin, Stuart, 157
Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, 141–144
Ornithopter, xviii
Ortiz, David, 279
Oryx and Crake, 281, 342
Osaka University, 33
Osbourne, Ozzy, 281, 353
Oxford University, 239, 250, 343
Oxitec, 290
Oz, Dr. Mehmet, 12
P
Pabo, Carl, 110, 111
Pagel, Mark, 341
Pagliuca, Stephen, 366
Pairwise Plants, 308
Palca, Joe, 205
Palermo, Gianpiero, 340
Palmer, Kelli, 81
PAM sequence, 26–27, 28, 55–57, 99, 334–335
Panasenko, Sharon, 48
Paquet, Jean-Eric, 9–10
Parker, Mike, 358
Parker, Sean, 166
Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (PICI), 166, 167
Parmentier, Marc, 117
Paschon, Dave, 111
Pasteur, Louis, 7, 42
Pasteur Institute, 60, 162
Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), 181–190
Patent applications, 43–44, 56, 92–93, 171, 181–190
Patent trial, 183–188
Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB), 183–188
Paterson, Owen, 307
Paul, Aaron, 138
Pauling, Linus, xvi, 154
PCSK9, 194, 201, 227, 331, 344, 345
Peking University, 282
Penn, Sean, 166
Penn’s Institute for Human Gene Therapy, 142
People’s Daily, 237
Perrine, Richard, 156
Perry, Katy, 12, 166
Perry, Tony, 224
Perutz, Max, 60
Peto, Richard, 347
Phage therapy, 162–163, 310
Phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE), 291–292, 324–325
Phages, 22, 22–26, 37–45, 51–57, 81, 127–128, 132, 162–164, 310, 367
Phelan, Ryan, 287
Philbin, Regis, 324
“Photograph 51,” 47–48, 125
Photograph 51, 126
Physiology, 98, 107, 217
Pigs, 281–283, 318–319
Pilkington, Ed, 76, 77
Pinker, Steven, 355
Pixar, 114
Plants, 301–315, 319–320
“Playing God,” 5, 14
Playtex, 30
“Please Don’t Edit Me Out,” 359
Poh, Alissa, 349
Pollack, Andrew, 67
Pollack, Robert, 254
Polygenic risk score (PRS), 351–352
Pomona College, 48
Pontifical Council for Culture, 12
Popular Science, 91
Porter, Cole, 167
Porteus, Matthew, 11–12, 114, 168, 178, 228, 236, 240, 251–252
Powell, William, 287
Prather, Randall, 318
Precision medicine, xiii, 153, 161–163, 169, 172–174, 230
Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), 270, 339, 340, 343, 350, 358, 362–363
Pretty Woman, 19
Pride and Prejudice, 19
Prime editing, 5, 190, 321, 332–336, 353
Prime Medicine, 336
Prince, 167
Princeton University, 20, 338
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 36, 38, 70
Progeria, 330
“Prospect of Designed Genetic Change, The,” 129
Protein & Cell, 197
Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM), 26–27, 28, 55–57, 99, 334–335. See also PAM sequence
Putin, Vladimir, 270–272
Q
Qi, Stanley, 99, 366
Qihan Biotech, 281–283
Qin, Wenning, 282
Qingshi, Zhu, 209
Quake, Stephen, 202, 208–209, 211–212, 219, 229, 251–252, 266
Quest for Consciousness, The, 367
R
Radiolab, 350
Rady Children’s Hospital, xv
Raiders of the Lost Ark, 353
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 38
Rampage, ix, 33, 244
Ran, Fei Ann, 84–88, 188, 329
Raper, Steve, 142–143
Reagan, Ronald, 299
Rebar, Ed, 111, 115, 122
Rebrikov, Denis, 269–271, 340
Recessive disorders, xiv, 139, 152, 337–340
Recombinetics, 317
Red Hot Chili Peppers, 166
Regalado, Antonio, x, 15, 196–203, 228, 239–240, 243, 249, 252, 257
Regeneron, 175
Regenesis, 279, 281
RegenXbio, 164
Regev, Aviv, 94
“Regulating with RNA in Bacteria,” 63
Remaking Eden, 338
Renli, Zhang, 264
Renzong, Qiu, 233
Retinal gene therapy, 148–151
Retroviruses, 144–146, 282
Rhodia Food, 40–41
Rice University, 195, 207, 253
Richter, Michelle, 330
Ridley, Matt, 89, 214, 302
Rifkin, Jeremy, 137
RNA
CRISPR-Cas9 and, 24–25, 28, 28–29
crRNA, 22, 28, 61–65, 85, 186