mRNA, 48
RNAi, 50–52, 56, 157–158
sgRNA, 65–66, 84–87, 96–98, 173, 180, 333
targeting, 56
tracrRNA, 28, 61–65, 83–85, 100, 188
versatility of, 52
viruses and, 23, 23–24
RNA interference (RNAi), 50–52, 56, 157–158
RNA World hypothesis, 49
Roblin, Richard, 135
Rockefeller Foundation, 290
Rockefeller University, 21, 60, 74, 83, 132, 134, 170, 184, 189, 258
Rodgers, Aaron, 335
Rogers, Stanfield, 134
Romero, Dennis, 44
Rosbash, Michael, 366
Rose, Charlie, 4, 224
Roses, Allen, 164
Roslin Institute, 301, 307, 318
Rossi, Derrick, 174
Rowland, Bob, 318
Royal Veterinary College, 176
Rubio, Marco, 258
Rugsveen, Mathias, 9
Russian Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Philosophy, 270
Rutherford, Adam, 238–239
Rutter, Bill, 111
Ryder, Sean, 247–248
S
Sabeti, Pardis, 94, 101
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 160–161
St Mary’s Hospital, xiii, 173
Salah, Mohamed, 244
Salk Institute, 78, 125
Salmon, 316–317
Salmonella, 40
Salvignol, Gregory, 38
Salzberg, Steven, 304
San Francisco Chronicle, 67
San Francisco Examiner, 109
Sanchez, David, 25, 169
Sandel, Michael, 355–356
Sangamo Therapeutics, xvi, 20, 105–106, 109–111, 114–122, 168, 193–194, 197
Sanger, Fred, 92, 127, 135, 155
Sanger Institute, 177, 350
Sanjana, Neville, 85
Sankaran, Vijay, 157
Sarepta Therapeutics, 163
SARS-CoV-2, 100, 343
Savulescu, Julian, 239, 343, 354, 355
Schaffer, David, 145–146, 151, 164
Scheller, Richard, 53
Schizophrenia, 78–80, 280, 336, 348
Schreiber, Stuart, 91, 366
Schultz, Peter, 323
Science, xii, 44–45, 52, 54, 66, 68–69, 71, 73–74, 81, 87–89, 94, 131, 135, 167, 181, 185, 188, 197, 273, 348
Scientific American, 335
Scientist, The, 94
Scolnick, Ed, 91
Scott, Tim, 11–12
Screwworm, 298–299
Scripps Institute, 195
Seed, Kim, 51
Séralini, Gilles-Éric, 313–314
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 114, 116, 139, 144, 151–154, 160–161
Shackleton, Ernest, 9–10
Shadid, Nicholas, 196–198, 200–202
Shakespeare, William, 1
Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, 275
Shapiro, Beth, 285, 287–288
Sheehy, Cody, 196, 239
Shepard, Alan, 131
Sherkow, Jacob, 179–180, 183, 186–190
Sherlock Biosciences, 100, 101
Sherman, Brad, 346
Shi, Yufen, 86
Shiao, Lin, 365
Shope, Richard, 134
Shope virus, 134–135
Shuailiang, Lin, 185–186
Sickle-cell disease, xvi–xviii, 11–12, 25, 114, 120, 136, 138, 152, 156, 158, 168–169, 322
Šikšnys, Virginijus, 8–9, 54–55, 66, 69–71, 97–98, 180–182, 184, 186–187
Silbermann, Ben, 366
Silva, Alcino, 249
Silver, Frank, 311
Silver, Lee, 338
Simonelli, Francesca, 149
SINATRA trial, 167
Single-guide RNA (sgRNA), 65–70, 84–87, 96–98, 173, 180, 333. See also RNA
Sinsheimer, Robert, 127–130
Six Degrees, 301
60 Minutes, xiv, 3, 4, 21, 76, 156, 338
Skipper, Magdalena, 260–261
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 107
Smith, Hamilton “Ham,” 112–113
Smith, Robin, 12
Smithies, Oliver, 98, 107
Smithsonian Institution, 286
So, Derek, 341
Social Network, The, 166
Solexa, xv
Somatix, 110
Sontheimer, Erik, 56, 102, 173, 180–181
Sorek, Rotem, 25
Southern, Ed, 115
Southern Chinese Daily News, 207
Southern Gardens Citrus, 311
Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 194, 209, 219–220, 226, 242
Southwestern Medical Center, 345
Spaced interspersed direct repeats, 41–42. See also SPIDR
Spacers, 22, 22–25, 35–43, 50, 50–56, 63, 181
Spark Therapeutics, 150, 163, 164, 172
Spectator, xii
Specter, Michael, 253, 257
Spencer, Helen, 163
SPIDR, 35, 41–42
Spielberg, Steven, 76
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), 151, 158–159
“Spontaneous Emergence of Hierarchy in Biological Systems,” 207
Stadler, Lewis, 303
Stanchi, Giovanni, 305
Stanford University, 11, 21, 50, 76, 78, 86, 114, 128, 158, 168, 177, 196, 202, 208–209, 219–220, 228, 245, 251–254, 329, 366
Staphylococcus epidermis, 56
Star is Born, A, 166
Star Trek, 76, 129, 350
Star Wars, 113
Stargardt, Karl, 151
Stark, Tony, 325
Starter cultures, 39–45, 54–57
STAT, 20, 335
Stein, Rob, 170
Steinberg, Jeffrey, 340
Steinman, Ralph, 97
Stem cells
allogeneic, 168
cloning and, 223
CRISPR and, 73–74
embryonic stem cells, 107, 355
ethics of, 238
funding, 204
gene therapy and, 119, 136, 144, 181
genome editing and, 84, 116
harvesting, 12
hematopoietic stem cell, 157–158, 168
regulation of, 267–269
Stephenson, Jennelle, 155–156
Steptoe, Patrick, 216–217
Stern, Curt, 123
Sternberg, Samuel, 95, 102
Steve Jobs, 279
Strathdee, Tom, 163
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 60
Streptococcus pyogenes, 26, 59–64, 83, 99
Streptococcus thermophilus, 40–44, 54–57, 69, 82
Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The, 95
Sturtevant, A. H., 123
Sun Yat-sen University, 197
“Superhumans,” 16, 342–343
Survivor, 50
SUSTech Gene Sequencing Center, 209
Sutherland, Kiefer, 6
Swift, Taylor, 220, 244
Syngenta, 302–304, 314
Szostak, Jack, 48
T
Tait-Burkhard, Christine, 318
TALENs, 20, 27, 65–68, 73–74, 79–86, 89, 106, 119, 185, 304, 308, 317
Tam, Patrick, 232–233
Tapsoba, Ali, 295
Target Malaria, 293–295
TargetGene Biotechnologies, 336
Tatum, Edward, 132–133
Tay-Sachs disease, 164, 322, 334
Tech Review, 196
Tendulkar, Sachin, 295
Terns, Michael, 56
Tesla, Nikola, 97
Tessera Therapeutics, 336
“Test tube babies,” 195, 214, 355. See also CRISPR babies
Theranos, 101
Therapeutic gene, 16, 112, 140–149, 336
Therapeutics, 67, 120–122, 181, 190, 326, 336, 361. See also Medicine
Thiel, Peter, 284, 366
Through the Looking-Glass, 109
Tick-borne disease, 297. See also Lyme disease
Tieu, Dori, 365
Tijan, Bob, 111
Tilghman, Shirley, 20
Timberlake, Justin, 166
Time magazine, xiv, 7, 46, 243–244
Tisdale, John, 155–156
Topol, Eric, 195, 245, 265, 349
Toronto’s Hospital for Sick Children, 231
Tous Cobayes? (All of Us Guinea Pigs Now?), 313
Toy Story, 114
TracrRNA, 28, 61–65, 83–85, 100, 188. See also RNA
Transthyretin amyloidosis (TTR), 174
Trebeck, Alex, 179
Treff, Nathan, 350
Trinity College, 29
Triplet Therapeutics, 175
Tropic Biosciences, 312
Tsinghua University, 79
Tsui, Lap-Chee, 231–232
Tudge, Colin, 48
Tufts University, 51
Turnbull, Douglas, 213–215