Sander, P. M., and N. Klein. 2005. Developmental plasticity in the life history of a prosauropod dinosaur. Science 310: 1800–1802.
Sansom, R., S. Gabbott, and M. Purnell. 2010. Non-random decay of chordate characters causes bias in fossil interpretation. Nature 463: 797–800.
Scheyer, T. M. 2007. Skeletal histology of the armor of the Placodontia: The occurrence of “postcranial fibro-cartilaginous bone” and its developmental implications. Journal of Anatomy 211: 737-53.
Scheyer, T. M., N. Klein, and P. M. Sander. 2010. Developmental palaeontology of Reptilia as revealed by histological studies. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology 21: 462-70.
Scheyer, T. M., and M. R. Sánchez-Villagra. 2007. Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: Phylogeny and function. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52: 137-54.
Schmid, L., and M. R. Sánchez-Villagra. 2011. The potential genetic bases of morphological evolution in the Triassic fish Saurichthys. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Molecular and Developmental Evolution 314B: 519-26.
Schoch, R. R. 2009. Life-cycle evolution as response to diverse lake habitats in Paleozoic amphibians. Evolution 63: 2738-49.
Schoch, R. R. 2010. A fresh look at an early theory of evolution and development: A new translation of Schmalhausen’s Factors of Evolution. Acta Zoologica 91: 495-96.
Schöne, B. R., S. D. Houk, A. D. F. Castro, J. Fiebig, W. Oschmann, I. Kroncke, W. Dreyer, and F. Gosselck. 2005. Daily growth rates in shells of Arctica islandica: Assessing sub-seasonal environmental controls on a long-lived bivalve mollusk. Palaios 20: 78–92.
Schulte, P. L., I. Alegret, and J. A. Arenillas et al. 2010. The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Science 327: 1214-18.
Schwartz, J. H. 1999. Sudden Origins: Fossils, Genes, and the Emergence of Species. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Schwartz, G. T., L. R. Godfrey, and P. Mahoney. 2007. Inferring primate growth, development, and life history from dental microstructure: The case of the extinct giant Malagasy lemur, Megaladapis. In S. E. Bailey and J.-J. Hublin, eds., Dental Perspectives on Human Evolution: State of the Art Research in Dental Anthropology (pp. 147-62). New York: Springer.
Schweitzer, M. H., R. M. Elsey, C. G. Dacke, J. R. Horner, and E. T. Lamm. 2007. Do egglaying crocodilian (Alligator mississippiensis) archosaurs form medullary bone? Bone 40: 1152-58.
Sears, K. E., R. R. Behringer, J. J. Rasweiler, and L. A. Niswander. 2006. Development of bat flight: Morphologic and molecular evolution of bat wing digits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103: 6581-86.
Sewertzoff, A. N. 1927. Über die Beziehung zwischen der Ontogenese und der Phylogenese der Tiere. Jena Zeitschrift der Naturwissenschaften 63: 51-180.
Sharman, G. B. 1970. Reproductive physiology of marsupials. Science 167: 1221-28.
Sholtis, S., and K. Weiss. 2005. Phenogenetics: Genotype — phenotype interactions and variation. In B. Hallgrimsson and B. K. Hall, eds., Variation (pp. 499–523). New York: Academic Press.
Shubin, N. 2008. Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body. New York: Pantheon Books.{22}
Shubin, N., C. Tabin, and S. Carroll. 2009. Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty. Nature 457: 818-23.
Sigurdsen, T., and D. M. Green. 2011. The origin of modern amphibians: A re-evaluation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162: 457-69.
Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85: 1-350.
Simpson, G. G. 1953. Major Features of Evolution. New York: Columbia University Press.
Simpson, G. G. 1970. The Argyrolagidae, extinct South American marsupials. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 139: 1-86.
Sire, J., P. C. J. Donoghue, and M. K. Vickaryous. 2009. Origin and evolution of the integumentary skeleton in non-tetrapod vertebrates. Journal of Anatomy 214: 409-40.
Smith, A. B. 1998. What does palaeontology contribute to systematics in a molecular world? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 437-47.
Smith, B. H. 1992. Life history and evolution of human maturation. Evolutionary Anthropology 1: 134-42.
Smith, T. 2006. The Real Rudolph: A Natural History of Reindeer. Phoenix Mill, UK: Sutton.
Smith, T. M., P. Tafforeau, D. J. Reid, R. Grün, S. Eggins, M. Boutakiout, and J. J. Hublin. 2007. Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 6128-33.
Sober, E. 2008. Evidence and Evolution: The Logic behind the Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sollas, W. J., and I. B. J. Sollas. 1903. An account of the Devonian fish Palaeospondylus gunni Traquair. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 196: 267-94.
Stein, K., Z. Csiki, K. Curry Rogers, D. B. Weishampel, R. Redelstorff, J. L. Carballido, and P. M. Sander. 2010. Small body size and extreme cortical bone remodeling indicate phyletic dwarfism in Magyarosaurus dacus (Sauropoda: Titanosauria). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 9258-63.
Stern, D. L., and V. Orgogozo. 2009. Is genetic evolution predictable? Science 323: 746-51.
Steyer, J. S., and R. Damiani. 2005. A giant brachyopoid temnospondyl from the Upper Triassic or Lower Jurassic of Lesotho. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 176: 243-48.
Stolarski J., A. Meibom, R. Przeniosto, and M. Mazur. 2007. A Cretaceous scleractinian coral with a calcitic skeleton. Science 318: 92–94.
Surget-Groba, Y., B. Heulin, C.-P. Guillaume, M. Puky, B. Smajda, D. Semenov, V. Orlova, L. Kupriyanova, and I. Ghira. 2006. Multiple origins of viviparity, or reversal from viviparity to oviparity? The European common lizard (Zootoca vivipara, Lacertidae) and the evolution of parity. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 1-11.
Suzuki, H. K. 1963. Studies on the osseous system of the slider turtle. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 109: 351–410.
Taquet, P. 2006. Georges Cuvier: Naissance d’un génie. Paris: Odile Jacob.
Thewissen J. G., M. J. Cohn, L. S. Stevens, S. Bajpai, J. Heyning, and W. E. Horton Jr. 2006. Developmental basis for hind limb loss in dolphins and origin of the cetacean body plan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103: 8414-18.
Thewissen, J. G. M., L. N. Cooper, J. C. George, and S. Bajpai. 2009. From land to water: The origin of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Evo-Devo Outreach 2: 272-88.
Thewissen, J. G. M., and W. A. McLellan 2009. Maiacetus: Displaced fetus or last meal? PloS ONE 4: e4366.
Tischlinger, H., and R. Wild. 2009. Den Schwanz verloren-das Leben gerettet! Fossilien 4: 203-9.
Tschanz, K. 1988. Allometry and heterochrony in the growth of the neck of Triassic prolacertiform reptiles. Palaeontology 31: 997-1011.