29. Lundin, op. cit., p.245.
30. Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.301.
31. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, p.235.
32. Lundin, op. cit., p.243.
33. Vehviläinen, op. cit., p.150.
34. Loc. cit.
35. Mannerheim, Memoirs, p.504.
36. Westerlund, op. cit., p.214.
37. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, p.235.
38. Hölter, op. cit., p.51.
39. Loc. cit.
40. 20th Mountain Army War Diary entries of October 2 and 3, 1944, as cited in Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, pp.299–300.
41. It should be noted that General Rendulic was tried as a war criminal by the Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. The charges dealt with his activities in Yugoslavia and Finland. He was found guilty on the charges related to treatment of civilians in Yugoslavia but the charges concerning the scorched-earth policy in Lapland were dropped. On the Yugoslav charges he was sentenced to 20 years in prison. The sentence was later reduced to 10 years and he was released from prison on February 1, 1951.
42. Westerlund, op. cit., p.214.
43. Rendulic, op. cit., p.306.
44. Hölter, op. cit., pp.52–53.
45. Westerlund, op. cit., p.214.
Chapter 12
1. Anabasis was Xenophon’s history of the Greek retreat from Persia around 400 B.C. The word anabasis refers to an expedition from a coastline up into the interior of a country. Katabasis, on the other hand, describes a trip from the interior down to the coastline and is therefore more appropriate in describing the journey of the 20th Mountain Army.
2. Major James F. Gebhardt, The Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation: Soviet Breakthrough and Pursuit in the Arctic, October 1944. Leavenworth Papers Number 17 (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1989), pp.6–8.
3. Ibid, p.8.
4. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, p.237.
5. Gebhardt, op. cit., pp.10–11.
6. Ibid, p.14.
7. Meretskov, op. cit., pp.317–319.
8. Shtemenko, op. cit., p.372.
9. Gebhardt, op. cit., p.17.
10. Ibid, pp.24–25.
11. Meretskov, op. cit., p.320.
12. Gebhardt, op. cit., p.21.
13. Shtemenko, op. cit., p.373.
14. Gebhardt, op. cit., p.19.
15. Ibid, p.43 quoting from Semen Petrovich Mikulskii and Minzakir Absaliamov, Nastupatel’nyee boi (Moscow: 1959), p.28.
16. Ibid, pp.40–41.
17. Shtemenko, op. cit., p.373.
18. Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.306.
19. Gebhardt, op. cit., pp.35–36.
20. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, pp.239–240.
21. Ibid, p.240.
22. Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.307.
23. Shtemenko, op. cit., p.374.
24. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, p.242.
25. Meretskov, op. cit., p.324.
26. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, p.245.
27. Westerlund, op. cit., p.215.
28. Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Norsk Krigslexikon, part of NorgesLexi, directed and edited by Stein Ugelvik Larsen at the University of Bergen, Tvangsevakueringen i Finnmark.
29. Report by Headquarters, Army of Norway, dated December 15, 1944 titled Bericht über Evakuierung Nordnorwegens as cited in Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.308.
30. Colonel Dahl (later Lieutenant General) was the only Norwegian officer in the Narvik campaign with previous combat experience. He had fought as a young lieutenant in a British unit in the Battle of Somme in 1916. He was also the first Norwegian officer to attend the US Command and General Staff College in 1941.
31. Shtemenko, op. cit., p.377.
32. Ibid, p.378.
33. Larsen, op. cit., Frigjøringen av Finnmark.
34. Message from the Army of Norway to OKW dated May 19, 1945 cited in Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.314.
Epilogue
1. Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.315.
2. Lunde, op. cit., p.550.
3. Wuorinen, op. cit., p.184.
4. Ibid, p.123.
5. Vehviläinen, op. cit., p.171.
6. Loc. cit.
7. Wuorinen, op. cit., p.114.
8. Frietsch, op. cit., pp.241–242 and Lundin, op. cit., pp.83–84.
9. These figures are from Jatkosodan historia, volume 6, pp.277, 388ff, 478 and Westerlund, op. cit., pp.234–235.
Appendix I
1. Based on table in Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.318.
2. Held only by Göring.
3. Rank given to Mannerheim in 1942 on his 75th birthday and held only by him.
4. Held only by Mannerheim.
5. No Finnish officer held this rank in World War II.
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