Social disobedience
Withdrawal from social institutions
Withdrawal from the social system
Stay-at-home
Total personal noncooperation
Flight of workers
Sanctuary
Collective disappearance
Protest emigration (hijrat)
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: (1) ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
Action by consumers
Consumers' boycott
Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
Policy of austerity
Rent withholding
Refusal to rent
National consumers' boycott
International consumers' boycott
Action by workers and producers
Workmen's boycott
Producers' boycott
Action by middlemen
Suppliers' and handlers' boycott
Action by owners and management
Traders' boycott
Refusal to let or sell property
Lockout
Refusal of industrial assistance
Merchants' "general strike"
Action by holders of financial resources
Withdrawal of bank deposits
Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
Refusal to pay debts or interest
Severance of funds and credit
Revenue refusal
Refusal of a government's money
Action by governments
Domestic embargo
Blacklisting of traders
International sellers' embargo
International buyers' embargo
International trade embargo
the methods of economic noncooperation: (2) the strike
symbolic strikes
Protest strike
Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
Agricultural strikes
Peasant strike
Farm workers' strike
strikes by special groups
Refusal of impressed labor
Prisoners' strike
Craft strike
Professional strike
ordinary industrial strikes
Establishment strike
Industry strike
Sympathetic strike
Restricted strikes
Detailed strike
Bumper strike
Slowdown strike
Working-to-rule strike
Reporting "sick" (sick-in)
Strike by resignation
Limited strike
Selective strike
Multi-industry strikes
Generalized strike
General strike
combinations of strikes and economic closures
Hartal
Economic shutdown
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
Rejection of authority
Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
Refusal of public support
Literature and speeches advocating resistance
Citizens' noncooperation with government
Boycott of legislative bodies
Boycott of elections
Boycott of government employment and positions
Boycott of government departments, agencies and other bodies
Withdrawal from government educational institutions
Boycott of government-supported organizations
Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
Removal of own signs and placemarks
Refusal to accept appointed officials
Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
Citizens' alternatives to obedience
Reluctant and slow compliance
Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
Popular nonobedience
Disguised disobedience
Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
Sitdown
Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
Hiding, escape and false identities
Civil disobedience of "illegitimate" laws
Action by government personnel
Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
Blocking of lines of command and information
Stalling and obstruction
General administrative noncooperation
Judicial noncooperation
Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
Mutiny
Domestic governmental action
Quasi-legal evasions and delays
Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
International governmental action
Changes in diplomatic and other representation
Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
Withholding of diplomatic recognition
Severance of diplomatic relations
Withdrawal from international organizations
Refusal of membership in international bodies
Expulsion from international organizations
the methods of nonviolent intervention
psychological intervention
Self-exposure to the elements
The fast
Fast of moral pressure
Hunger strike
Satyagrahic fast
Reverse trial
Nonviolent harassment
physical intervention
Sit-in
Stand-in
Ride-in
Wade-in
Mill-in
Pray-in
Nonviolent raids
Nonviolent air raids
Nonviolent invasion
Nonviolent interjection
Nonviolent obstruction
Nonviolent occupation
Social intervention
Establishing new social patterns
Overloading of facilities
Stall-in
Speak-in
Guerrilla theater
Alternative social institutions
Alternative communication system
Economic intervention
Reverse strike
Stay-in strike
Nonviolent land seizure
Defiance of blockades
Politically motivated counterfeiting
Preclusive purchasing
Seizure of assets
Dumping
Selective patronage
Alternative markets
Alternative transportation systems
Alternative economic institutions
political intervention
Overloading of administrative systems
Disclosing identities of secret agents
Seeking imprisonment
Civil disobedience of "neutral" laws
Work-on without collaboration
Dual sovereignty and parallel government
Appendix Two
Acknowledgements and Notes on the History of From Dictatorship to Democracy
I have incurred several debts of gratitude while writing the original edition of this essay. Bruce Jenkins, my Special Assistant in 1993, made an inestimable contribution by his identification of problems in content and presentation. He also made incisive recommendations for more rigorous and clearer presentations of difficult ideas (especially concerning strategy), structural reorganization, and editorial improvements.
I am also grateful for the editorial assistance of Stephen Coady. Dr. Christopher Kruegler and Robert Helvey offered very important criticisms and advice. Dr. Hazel McFerson and Dr. Patricia Parkman provided information on struggles in Africa and Latin America, respectively. However, the analysis and conclusions contained therein are solely my responsibility.
In recent years special guidelines for translations have been developed, primarily due to Jamila Raqib's guidance and to the lessons learned from earlier years. This has been necessary in order to ensure accuracy in languages in which there has earlier been no established clear terminology for this field.