46. Letter of anonymous soldier (8 Aug. 1940), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 296; letter of Eberhard Wendebourg (5 Oct. 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 107; Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 113–14.
47. Letters of Günter von Scheven (18 Aug. 1941 and 2. Advent 1941, 9 and 21 March 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 110–11, 113, 116.
48. Anonymous soldier quoted in Hastings, Overlord, p. 219; letters of Sebastian Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (Oct. 1944 and 27 Nov. 1944), Heinz Küchler (3 Sept. 1939), and Klaus-Degenhard Schmidt (11 Dec. 1944), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 391, 394, 157, 410.
49. Letters of Private W.P. (22 March 1942), Sonderführer H. (1 Jan. 1943), Lieutenant H.H. (28 Jan. 1943) and Lieutenant H.B. (29 Jan. 1943), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, pp. 110 no. 192, 100 no. 171, 104–5 no. 179,112 no. 199.
50. Letter of Karl Fuchs (9 Nov. 1940), in Richardson, Sieg Heil!, p. 80; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 342, 399, 217.
51. Letter of Harry Mielert (27 Nov. 1941), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 34; letter of Friedebald Kruse (31 Dec. 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 316; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 388, 400; Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, p. 252.
52. Letters of anonymous soldiers (29 Sept. 1943, 19 Aug. 1941,26 Sept. 1942), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” pp. 303, 317, 319.
53. Letter of Corporal E.N. (15 April 1940), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, p. 51 no. 48; letter of Wilhelm Rubino (12 July 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 60; Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, p. 230.
54. Letters of anonymous soldiers (2 Aug. and 23 July 1944), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” pp. 310, 313; letters of Private K.K. (July 1944), Private B.P. (8 Aug. 1944), Lieutenant K.N. (late July 1944), Corporal C.B. (1 Aug. 1944), Corporal A.K. (late July 1944), and Lieutenant H.W.M. (28 July 1944), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, pp. 144 no. 285, 147 no. 294, 142 no. 280, 154 no. 313, 143 no. 281, 146 no. 289.
55. Letters of Reinhard Pagenkopf (25 Feb. 1945) and Reinhard Goes (23 Nov. 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 443, 457; letters of Lieutenant K. (3 Sept. 1944), Lieutenant H.H. (17 Sept. 1944), and Private F.S. (30 March 1945), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, pp. 158–59 no. 323, 139 no. 273, 167 no. 344.
56. Woltersdorf, Gods of War, pp. 141, 170; Ulrich Luebke quoted in Lucas, Experiences of War, p. 188; Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 60–61; Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany, pp. 241–42.
57. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, p. 303; Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany, p. 242.
Chapter 9. The Lost Years
1. Diary entries (early May 1942,24 April 1943), in Pabst, Der Ruf der äußersten Grenze, pp. 93–94, 201–202.
2. Heck, Child of Hitler, p. 197.
3. Ibid., p. 206.
4. Diary entry of Walter D. (30 May 1945), in Breloer, Mein Tagebuch., p. 339; Diary entry (28 April 1945), in Altner, Totentanz Berlin, p. 160.
5. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, pp. 239–44.
6. Ibid., pp. 244–48.
7. Woltersdorf, Gods of War, pp. 136, 149, 186.
8. Ibid., pp. 170, 213.
9. Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 327, 330–31, 340.
10. Ibid., pp. 364–66, 360.
11. Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, pp. 297–98.
12. Ibid., pp. 331–333.
13. Heck, Child of Hitler, pp. 206–7; Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, p. 364; Hansmann, Vorüber—nicht vorbei, p. 160.
14. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, pp. 251, 256; Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, p. 307; Hansmann, Vorüber—nicht vorbei, pp. 163, 172.
15. Interviews with Ernst-Peter Kilian, Hans-Hermann Riedel, Otto Richter, and Hugo Nagel, in Schröder, Die gestohlenen Jahre, pp. 884, 885–86, 886–87, 888–89.
16. Letter of Harald Henry (1/3 Dec. 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 86.
17. Interviews with Uwe Pries and Emil Dahlke, in Schröder, Die gestohlenen Jahre, pp. 897–98, 898–99.
18. Interviews with Arthur Pieper and Heinz Rieckmann, in Schröder, Die gestohlenen Jahre, pp. 900, 903; Gerd S. quoted in Focke and Reimer, Alltag unterm Hakenkreuz, p. 61.
19. Interview with Ewald Döring, in Schröder, Die gestohlenen Jahre, p. 900.
20. Interview with Walter Nowak, in Schröder, Die gestohlenen Jahre, p. 901.
21. Hörbach, Die verratenen Söhne, pp. 124, 128–129.
22. Ibid., pp. 245–46.
23. Hörbach, Die verratenen Söhne; Gerlach, Die verratene Armee; Kirst, 08/15; Ott, Haie und kleine Fische; Heinrich, Das geduldige Fleisch; Böll, Der Zug war pünktlich; Böll, Wo warst du, Adam? Andersch, Die Kirschen der Freiheit. For more on war literature in postwar Germany, see Baron and Müller, “Die ‘Perspektive des kleinen Mannes’ in der Kriegsliteratur der Nachkriegszeiten”; Nutz, “Krieg als Abenteuer”; Wagener, “Soldaten zwischen Gehorsam und Gewissen”; Schneider, “Geschichte durch die Hintertür”; Pfeifer, Der deutsche Kriegsroman.
24. See Nutz, “Krieg als Abenteuer,” p. 277.
25. W. Schröder, Nur ein Kriegstagebuch, pp. 189–90.
Chapter 10. A Bitter Truth
1. Interview with Karl Piotrowski, in Schröder, Die gestohlenen Jahre, p. 910 (see generally pp. 907–13).
2. Interviews with Karl Piotrowski and Karl Vogt, in Schröder, Die gestohlenen Jahre, pp. 909–10, 912.
3. Letter of G. Beug (27 May 1940), in Knoch, “Gewalt wird zur Routine,” p. 319; diary entry of Klaus Löscher (1940), letters of Eberhard Wendebourg (5 Oct. 1941) and Wolfgang Döring (7 Dec. 1940), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 321, 106, 19.
4. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 118.
5. Woltersdorf, Gods of War, p. 74; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 465.
6. Dupuy, A Genius for War, pp. 253–54. For an excellent comparative analysis of the German and American armies, see van Creveld, Fighting Power. See also Hastings, Overlord; Holmes, Firing Line; Kennett, G.I.; Perret, There’s a War to be Won; Shils and Janowitz, “Cohesion and Disintegration”; Madej, “Effectiveness and Cohesion”; Marshall, Men against Fire; Stouffer, et al., The American Soldier.
7. Fussell, Wartime, pp. 129–43.
8. Messerschmidt, Die Wehrmacht im NS-Staat, p. 356.
9. See, e.g., Steinert, Hitler’s War; William Sheridan Allen, “Die deutsche Öffentlichkeit und die ‘Reichskristallnacht:’ Konflikte zwischen Werthierarchie und Propaganda im Dritten Reich,” in Detlev Peukert and Jürgen Reulecke, eds., Die Reihen fast geschlossen: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Alltags unterm Nationalsozialismus (Wuppertal, 1981), pp. 397–411; Kele, Nazis and Workers; Hamilton, Who Voted for Hitler?; Childers, The Nazi Voter; Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich; Kershaw, “Antisemitismus und Volksmeinung”; Kershaw, “The Persecution of the Jews and German Popular Opinion,” Gordon, Hitler, Germans, and the “Jewish Question”; Kolka, “‘Public Opinion’ in Nazi Germany,” Marrus, “The Theory and Practice of Anti-Semitism”; Streit, Keine Kameraden; Streit, “The German Army and the Politics of Genocide”; Bartov, Eastern Front.