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Jarento, abbot of St Bénigne, Dijon 76

Jean Germain, bishop of Châlons 859–61, 866

Jerome, saint

Vulgate of 30, 572, 573

Jerusalem 12, 35, 49, 53, 58, 68–70, 75, 120, 129, 137, 149, 167–9, 740

and the conquest of the Americas 914–15

first kingdom of 60, 159, 160, 178–82, 197, 200–240, 354–74; representative assemblies in 355–6

as goal of First Crusade 63, 66–70, 81–2

as goal of Third Crusade 460–74

as stated goal of crusades 375–6, 473–4, 501–2, 524, 529–30, 540, 639–41, 794, 800

partition plans for 466–7, 469–70, 751–2

patriarchate of 4, 78, 218, 616

pilgrimages to 43, 55, 56, 65, 68–70, 74, 81–2, 83, 116, 167, 169, 180, 216–18, 221, 243–4, 251–3, 329, 330, 379, 662, 826

recovery of, plans and schemes for 827–34, 836, 840, 853–4, 855, 866, 870, 872, 881

second kingdom of 715–33, 764, 806–8, 813–22

siege and fall of (638) 51–2; (1099) 31, 60, 82–3, 117, 142, 153–60, 351, 374, 554, 887–8; (1187) 351, 356, 372–4; (1244) 771, 772

Jews 78, 100, 108, 155, 227, 284, 389, 482, 757, 804, 867

persecution of (1096) 55, 59, 61, 71, 79, 95, 97, 100–106, 282; (1099) 158; (1146–7) 282–6, 292; (1190) 438–9; (in Spain) 656; (by Louis IX) 778, 804; (1320) 881

jihad 21, 52–4, 269–73, 334, 344–5, 352–3, 657, 846

Joan, queen of Sicily 442, 443, 461

Joan of Arc 909–10

Joannitza, king of Bulgaria 550, 555–6

Jocelyn of Brakelond, monk and chronicler 393

John, bishop of Speyer 101

John, king of England 393, 431, 466, 470, 484, 496, 502, 508, 576, 582, 587–9, 595, 612–13, 615, 620, 623, 895

John, king of Sweden 695

John, lord of Joinville, crusader and memorialist 776, 779, 781, 782–3, 787–801 passim, 805, 809, 814

John, saint, Book of Revelation of 31, 157

John I Tzimisces, Byzantine emperor 53

John II Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 188, 194, 265, 268, 323, 534

John II, king of France 832, 883

John IV the Oxite, patriarch of Antioch 193

John V Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor 847, 849, 851

John VI Cantacuzene, Byzantine emperor 843, 851

John VIII, pope 38

John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor 849–50, 859

John XII, pope 6

John XXII, pope 830, 835, 889, 899–900, 901

John the Baptist 30, 254, 497

John of Basingstoke, scholar 537

John Beaufort 853–4

John Bessarion, cardinal 844, 846, 849

John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem, emperor of Constantinople 556–7, 612, 629, 630–32, 639, 641, 642–7, 716, 725, 736, 740, 741, 743, 756, 897

John Bromyard, OP 891

John of Capistrano, Observant Franciscan and saint 866–9, 891

John the Fearless, count of Nevers, duke of Burgundy 854–7, 858, 861

John of Friaise 510

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster 853, 854, 901

John Hunyadi, regent of Hungary 862–3, 867–9

John of Ibelin, lord of Arsuf 727, 728

John of Ibelin, ‘Old Lord of Beirut’ 494, 725, 748

John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa 727, 728, 729–31, 784, 787, 791, 806

Le Livre des Assises 729–30

John of Mantua 67

John Paston II, owner of a book on Richard I 886

John Paul II, pope 560, 917

John Phocas, pilgrim 221

John of Plano Carpini, OFM 785

John Sarrasin, French civil servant 787

John Scot Erigena 37

John Torcello, Greek agent 859

John of Würzburg, pilgrim 217, 221, 253, 677

John Wyclif, heresiarch 901, 905

De Cruciata 901

John of Xanten, preacher 619

Joscelin I of Courtenay, count of Edessa 186–7, 221, 271

Joscelin II of Courtenay, count of Edessa 188–9, 268, 331

Joscelin III of Courtenay, titular count of Edessa 357, 358–60, 364

Joscius, archbishop of Tyre 374, 376, 493

Joseph, monk of Canterbury and pilgrim 83

Julian Caesarini, cardinal 862–3

Julius II, pope 901

Julius III, pope 902

just war 32–51, 258

Kalavun, sultan of Egypt 732, 817, 818

Kalojan, king of Bulgaria 510

Kalonymos, rabbi of Mainz 101–2

al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt 630–49 passim, 742, 745–6, 747–52, 755, 764

Karaman 427

Kerak 203, 224, 363, 367, 372, 639

Kerbogha, atabeg of Mosul 129, 134, 137, 138, 140–41, 143, 144, 146–7, 149, 186, 204, 246

Khwarazmians, Turkish freebooters 746, 769, 771

Kibotos 82, 98, 99, 108, 119

Kilij Arslan I, sultan of Rum 124, 127, 128, 129–30, 174, 203

Kilij Arslan II, sultan of Rum 419, 426

Knightsbridge 255

Konya 131, 534

see also Iconium

Koran, the, translations of 245, 859

Kossovo, battle of (1389) 843, 863; (1448) 863

La Forbie, battle of (1244) 771

La Merced, Order of 667

Ladislaus, king of Bohemia 282

Ladislaus IV, king of Hungary 862–3

Lambert, bishop of Arras 63

Landulph, Byzantine agent 327

Lapps 4

Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of (1212) 612, 668–9

Lateran, St John, palace and church of, Rome

First General Church Council at (1123) 488–9, 664

Third General Church Council at (1179) 489, 551, 578, 580, 583

Fourth General Church Council at (1215) 260, 387, 481, 482, 487, 568, 585, 598–9, 616–17, 687, 893

Fifth General Church Council at (1512–17) 873

Lattakiah 117, 135–6, 150, 161, 178, 190, 193, 628, 817

Lavaur, massacre at (1211) 579–80, 584, 585

Lazarus, Order of 256–7

Leo II, king of Armenia 490, 493–4, 632, 644, 716

Leo III, pope 5

Leo IV, pope 38

Leo IX, pope 14, 46

Leopold V, duke of Austria 398–9, 418, 453, 472, 478

Leopold VI, duke of Austria 487, 584, 606, 615, 626, 629, 635, 669

Lepanto, battle of (1571) 903–4

Limoges 72, 74

Lincoln, battle of (1217) 896

Lisbon, siege of (1147) 300, 304, 308–17, 665

Lithuania 677, 682, 684, 689, 693–4, 705–10

Livonia 488, 491, 500, 681, 685–94, 701, 705, 706, 711

Livre au Roi 729

Livy 32

locusts, plagues of 181

Lombards 61, 98, 172–3, 174, 175, 224

War of 725–6

London, Londoners 3, 300, 309, 396, 412, 414, 432, 438, 608

Lorraine, Lorrainers 59, 62, 79, 81, 108–10, 293

Louis, duke of Orléans 854

Louis I, count of Blois 502–3, 505, 507–8, 510, 518, 520, 550, 556, 613

Louis I, count of Clermont, duke of Bourbon 878–9, 880–81, 883

Louis I, duke of Bavaria 625, 645, 741

Louis II, duke of Bourbon 852–3, 883

Louis III, landgrave of Thuringia 413, 418, 428

Louis IV, king of Germany 705, 830, 899

Louis IV, landgrave of Thuringia 744, 746–7

Louis VII, king of France 16, 18, 252, 275–81, 283, 289–338 passim, 384, 420, 489, 550, 580, 737

Louis VIII, king of France 451, 453, 566, 576, 588, 592, 598–601, 620, 622

Louis IX, king of France 345, 558, 601, 670, 727, 728, 737, 758, 759, 762, 769, 830, 881, 908

first crusade 604, 722, 770–802, 803–4, 909

second crusade 805–14

Louis XI, king of France 870

Louis XII, king of France 873

Lowestoft 414

Lübeck 305, 430, 685, 689, 690–92, 701, 702, 704, 744

Lucca 61, 118

Lucius II, pope 273–4, 581

Ad abolendam (1184) 581

Lucius III, pope 342, 417

Ludolf of Tournai 157

Lydda 153