Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch 188, 189, 194, 195, 196, 207, 220, 236, 273, 274, 319, 323, 329, 331, 334, 344, 346
Raymond Roger, count of Foix 579, 596, 598–9
Raymond Roger Trencavel, viscount of Béziers, Cracassonne, etc. 576, 579, 589–90, 593
Raymond Roupen, failed prince of Antioch 644, 723
Raymond of Trencavel, viscount of Béziers, Carcassonne, etc. 600, 601, 604
Rebecca of Cologne 102
Reconquest (reconquista) in Spain 13, 54–5, 652–73
recruitment 77–8, 80, 83–4, 87–9, 92–3, 94–6, 106–8, 112, 115, 139, 170–72, 262, 264, 280, 288–301, 305–10, 377, 382, 389–99, 432–3, 437–8, 483–4, 490–92, 497, 502–8, 587–9, 595–6, 607, 610, 618–28, 668, 685, 690, 700–701, 703–4, 707, 710, 736–7, 738, 743–4, 747, 758–60, 773–6, 808–9, 832, 852–3, 855, 867–8
Reiner von Sleiden 297
relics 69, 167–8, 173, 217–18, 266, 278, 291–2, 371, 384, 511–12, 553, 556–8, 605, 762, 783, 808, 879
Renier of Montferrat 517
Reval (Tallinin) 692, 692, 695–6, 698
Reynald of Broyes of Epernay 95, 99
Reynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch, lord of Oultrejourdain 193, 194, 195, 196, 346, 358–62, 365–72, 380, 405, 407
Reynald Grenier, lord of Sidon 234–5, 358, 371, 404–5, 461, 463
Rhodes 138, 706, 884
see also Hospitallers
siege of (1480) 837, 872; Caoursin’s account of 887
fall of (1522) 844
Richard, abbot of St Vanne 70
Richard, count of Aversa 14
Richard, earl of Cornwall 717, 762–3, 802
crusade of 757–8, 759–60, 763–4, 767–9
Richard I, king of England 18, 234, 290, 351, 374, 376, 377, 389–90, 393, 394–5, 397, 484, 496, 497, 502, 504, 613, 641, 738, 749, 750, 768, 781, 886
on the Third Crusade 403, 430–74
Richard II, king of England 854, 856
Richard Filangieri, imperial agent 725–6, 747, 765
Richard FitzNeal, bishop of London 430
Richard of Salerno (of the Principate) 112, 186, 221
Ridwan of Aleppo 128, 134, 137, 140, 261
Riga 686, 687, 691, 706
Robert I, Count of Artois 772, 788–9, 792–4, 799, 800
Robert I, count of Dreux 280, 295, 432
Robert I, count of Flanders 82, 116
Robert I, duke of Normandy 116, 252
Robert II, count of Dreux 432
Robert II, count of Flanders 59, 72, 82, 106, 114–15, 116–18, 119, 130, 138, 142, 150–52, 155, 157, 161, 248, 505
Robert II Curthose, duke of Normandy 59, 76, 82–3, 106, 114, 115, 116–18, 130, 149–50, 155, 157, 161, 246, 249, 262
Robert of Ansa 112
Robert of Arbrissel 70
Robert of Boves 528
Robert the Bugger (le Bougre) 573
Robert of Clari, knight and chronicler 498, 499, 505, 511, 513, 514, 525–33, 540, 546, 552, 554, 556, 557
Robert of Cokefield 390
Robert of Courçon (Curzon) 584, 613, 620, 621, 622–3
Robert FitzFulk, the Leper, Antiochene noble 191, 230
Robert FitzGerald 112
Robert FitzTristan 112
Robert Guiscard, ruler of southern Italy 11–12, 14, 20, 54, 112, 204, 537
Robert of Rheims, chronicler 86, 93
Historia 245, 418
Robert of Rouen, bishop of Ramla 117
Robert of Sourdeval 112
Rodrigo, last Visigothic king of Spain 653
Rodrigo Diaz, el Cid 20, 126, 204, 659, 663
Poema de Mio Cid 663
Roger, count of Foix 81
Roger Bacon, Oxford don 688
Roger of Barneville 116
Roger Borsa, count of Apulia 77, 112, 117
Roger, son of Dagobert 113, 114
Roger I, count of Sicily 14, 48, 55, 117
Roger II count and king of Sicily 14–15, 194–5, 248, 274, 289–91, 296, 319, 322, 324, 326, 537, 660
Roger Flor, Catalan Templar privateer 821
Catalan Company of 850
Roger of Howden, chronicler, crusader, civil servant 388, 390, 395, 433, 434, 435, 452
Roger of Moulins, master of Hospitallers 367
Roger of Mowbray 296
Roger of Salerno, prince of Antioch 187, 191, 192, 194, 196, 221, 265, 271
Roger of San Severino, Angevin bailli 731
Roger of Wendover, chronicler 721, 745
Romania, Frankish Greece 554–60, 848
Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine emperor 11, 96, 127
Rommersdorf, abbot of, letterbook of 615
Roncevalles, battle at 654
see also Song of Roland
Rorgo Fretel of Nazareth 169
Rouen 71, 100, 104
Roussel of Bailleul, mercenary 82
Ruad, island of 352, 732
Rudiger, bishop of Speyer 101
Rudolf of Habsburg, king of Germany 704, 816
Rügen, Rugeners 306, 678, 682, 683, 684
Rum, Seljuk sultan, sultanate of 12, 98–9, 118, 124, 127, 128–9, 173–5, 319, 322, 342, 354, 418, 422, 426, 534, 629, 636, 843, 848
Runciman, Steven 28–9, 101, 406, 495, 558, 560
Russia, Rus (Novgorod), principality of 10–11, 681, 684, 693–4, 696–8, 701–2, 710–11, 756
Ruthard, archbishop of Mainz 102
Saher of Achel 296, 309
St Benet Holme, abbey of 297
St Denis, abbey of 117, 289, 291–2, 440, 585, 610, 783, 811
St Edward, Order of 722
St Félix de Caraman, Cathar assembly at 574
St Germain, abbot of 38
St Mary, Hospital of, Jerusalem 221
St Mary, interfaith shrine at Saidnaya of 719
St Sabas, War of 727–8
St Symeon, Syrian port 135–6, 138, 140, 329
St Thomas of Acre, Order of 257, 745, 908
see also Thomas Becket
St Victor of Marseilles, abbey of 27
Saladin, Yusuf ibn Ayyub, sultan of Egypt and Syria 20, 158, 179, 200, 204, 211, 212, 225, 227, 235, 239, 343, 345, 347–54, 362–4, 366–74, 379, 492, 715
and jihad 21, 345, 352–3, 366, 403, 414
legend of 350–51
and Third Crusade 402–17, 418, 419, 420–21, 422, 425, 427, 443, 446–73
Saladin Tithe, the 381, 389–91, 393, 394, 431, 433–4, 437, 484
al-Salih Ayyub, sultan of Egypt 764, 766–9, 771, 784, 787–90
al-Salih Isma ‘il, ruler of Damascus 764, 766–7
Salimbene of Adam, OFM 816
Samaritans, sect of 213, 229
Samson, abbot of Bury St Edmunds 390, 392
Sancho I, king of Aragon 659
Sancho IV, king of Navarre 658
Sancho VII, king of Navarre 668
Santiago, Order of 256, 667, 670
Saphet, castle of 237, 372, 719–20, 721, 722, 807
‘Saracens’ 125
Savaric de Mauléon 623–4
Savonarola, Girolamo 908
Saxo Grammaticus, chronicler 682
Sayf al-Din, ruler of Mosul 268, 333
Scanderbeg, Albanian nationalist 846, 871
Schism, Papal or Great 852, 878, 895, 900–901
Sebastian, king of Portugal 672
sea power, shipping 61, 82, 138, 140, 148, 153, 170, 179, 289–91, 309–16, 389–90, 398, 402–3, 409, 411–14, 418, 433, 435–7, 441, 507, 508, 509, 511–14, 516, 627–8, 648, 689, 690, 718–19, 780–81, 799, 801, 802, 808, 816, 851
Selim I, the Grim, Ottoman sultan 844, 872
Seljuk Turks 11–13, 49, 81, 82, 83, 118, 119, 126–9, 136, 141, 173, 177, 181, 192, 271
Sergius IV, pope 55
Seville, capture of (1248) 668, 670, 671
Shaizar 188, 329
Shajar al-Durr, sultana of Egypt 789–91, 797
Shawar, Egyptian vizier 347–9
al-Shirazi, Baghdad legist 228
Shirkuh, Asad al-Din, Kurdish mercenary general 348–9
Sicilian Vespers, Wars of 818, 898–9
Sicily 13, 15, 53, 54, 55, 206, 374, 441–2, 896–9
Sidon 153, 179, 202, 204, 219, 265, 372, 492, 722, 748, 822