Greco-Roman conceptions of the underworld and postmortem judgment are the subject of Walter Burkert, Ancient Mystery Cults (1987); Franz Cumont, After Life in Roman Paganism (1922, reprinted 2002); and Sarah Iles Johnston, Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece (1999). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Representations of hell in Jewish and Christian biblical and apocalyptic literature are examined in John J. Collins, The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, 2nd ed. (1998); Martha Himmelfarb, Tours of Helclass="underline" An Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature (1983); Jon D. Levenson, Resurrection and the Restoration of Israeclass="underline" The Ultimate Victory of the God of Life (2006); George W.E. Nickelsburg, Resurrection, Immortality, and Eternal Life in Intertestamental Judaism (1972); and Nicholas J. Tromp, Primitive Conceptions of Death and the Nether World in the Old Testament (1969).
Representations of the Devil in early, medieval, and modern Christianity are the subject of several works by Jeffrey Burton Russelclass="underline" The Deviclass="underline" Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity (1977, reprinted 1987), Satan: The Early Christian Tradition (1981), Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages (1984), and Mephistopheles: The Devil in the Modern World (1986, reissued 1992).
Medieval visions of hell are treated in Eileen Gardiner (ed.), Visions of Heaven and Hell Before Dante (1989); Alison Morgan, Dante and the Medieval Other World (1990); and Carol Zaleski, Otherworld Journeys: Accounts of Near-Death Experience in Medieval and Modern Times (1987).
Works on hell in early-modern and modern Europe include Piero Camporesi, The Fear of Helclass="underline" Images of Damnation and Salvation in Early Modern Europe (1991; originally published in Italian, 1987); D.P. Walker, The Decline of Helclass="underline" Seventeenth-Century Discussions of Eternal Torment (1964); and Geoffrey Rowell, Hell and the Victorians: A Study of the Nineteenth-Century Theological Controversies Concerning Eternal Punishment and the Future Life (1974, reissued 2000).
Modern theological and philosophical debates on hell may be found in Jonathan L. Kvanvig, The Problem of Hell (1993); Hans Urs von Balthasar, Dare We Hope: “That All Men Be Saved”?: With a Short Discourse on Hell, trans. from German (1988); and Jerry L. Walls, Helclass="underline" The Logic of Damnation (1992).
Islamic conceptions of postmortem judgment and hell are discussed in Jane Idleman Smith and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection (1981, reissued 2002). Hinduism, Buddhism, and Chinese traditions
Hell in the context of classical Hinduism and Buddhism is discussed in Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty (ed.), Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions (1980). Treatments of hell and its analogues in Buddhism and East Asian cultures include Bryan J. Cuevas, The Hidden History of The Tibetan Book of the Dead (2003); Daigan Matsunaga and Alicia Matsunaga, The Buddhist Concept of Hell (1972); Stephen F. Teiser, The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism (1994, reissued 2003); and Richard Von Glahn, The Sinister Way: The Divine and the Demonic in Chinese Culture (2004). Carol Zaleski