24 June–2 July: White forces commanded by General V. Z. Mai-Maevskii capture Khar′kov (27 June); Tsaritsyn is captured by General Wrangel’s Kuban Army (30 June–2 July). Ekaterinoslav and Crimea are also cleared of Red forces. 28 June: The Treaty of Versailles is signed in Paris. 30 June: Kolchak’s Northern Army abandons Perm′. 1 July: Iudenich’s Northern Army Corps is renamed the North-West Army. Soviet troops reoccupy Perm′ and Kungur. 3 July: General Denikin issues his “Moscow Directive.” S. S. Kamenev is confirmed as Vācietis’s replacement as main commander of the Red Army. The resignation from the Politburo and the War Commissariat of Vācietis’s champion, Trotsky, is refused. 8 July: Kolchak dismisses General Radola Gajda from command of the Northern Army. 11–15 July: Soviet forces capture Ashkhabad. 14 July: Soviet forces capture Ekaterinburg. 19 July: The Politbiuro votes to establish separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijani SSRs. 25–27 July: A counterattack by Kolchak’s forces at Cheliabinsk collapses, and the Whites fall back in disorder. 27 July: Ataman Hryhoriiv is shot dead during a parley with Makhno. August: The West-Siberian Partisan Army is created under E. M. Mamantov. 3 August: Red forces capture Cheliabinsk, taking 15,000 White prisoners. 5 August: The British Military Mission in Siberia is informed from London that no further assistance will be offered to Kolchak, it having been decided to concentrate support on the forces of Denikin and Iudenich. 10 August: K. K. Mamontov’s 4th Don Cavalry Corps launches an extensive offensive (the Mamontov raid) in the rear of Red forces on the Southern Front, capturing several major towns (including Tambov, 18–21 August, and Voronezh, 11 September). General Ironside’s forces launch an offensive south of Arkhangel′sk to disrupt the opposing Reds in preparation for the withdrawal of Allied forces from the region. 14 August: On the initiative of British officers in the region, a North-West Russian Government is formed at Tallinn by White forces. 14 August–12 September: Denikin’s forces advance on a broad front toward Kursk and Orel. 14 August–14 September: The Red Army’s Aktiubinsk offensive operation smashes Kolchak’s Southern and Urals Armies and establishes contact with the Turkestan ASSR. 18 August: British naval forces attack the harbor at Kronshtadt; the Red battleship Andrei Pervozvannyi is sunk. 19 August: British forces evacuate Baku. 23–24 August: Denikin’s forces capture Odessa. 25 August: Litbel dissolves following the complete occupation of its territories by Polish forces. 26 August: Soviet forces capture Pskov, as Estonian forces that have quarreled with Iudenich abandon it. 30 August: On the Turkestan Front, Red forces capture Orsk. Ukrainian nationalist forces under Petliura occupy Kiev. 31 August–2 September: White forces drive Petliura’s forces from Kiev. In Warsaw, Petliura’s representatives conclude an armistice with Poland. 5 September: The Russo–German Western Volunteer Army is created under General P. R. Bermondt-Avalov. 13 September: Troops of the 1st Red Army make contact with Red forces on the Aktiubinsk front, reestablishing links between Central Asia and Soviet Russia. 18–19 September: Cheka forces arrest some 1,000 “counterrevolutionaries” in Moscow. On 23 September the press lists the names of 67 of them who have been executed. 20 September: Troops of the Volunteer Army capture Kursk. 26 September: As Denikin’s forces approach, the Bolshevik Central Committee decides to create the Committee for the Defense of Moscow. Makhno’s Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine defeats Denikin’s forces at Peregonovka and begins a drive eastward across Ukraine, severing the supply lines of the AFSR. 26–27 September: Allied troops evacuate Arkhangel′sk. 28 September–20 October: Iudenich’s forces advance from Estonia to the outskirts of Petrograd. 30 September: The 3rd Kuban Corps, under General A. G. Shkuro, captures Voronezh. 8 October–14 November: Bermondt-Avalov’s attempts to capture Riga and Libau are defeated by Latvian forces, with naval support from the British and French. 11 October–18 November: A decisive Red counteroffensive on the Southern Front halts Denikin’s advance and places the strategic initiative in the hands of the Soviet command. 12 October: The last British troops leave Murmansk. 13–14 October: Denikin’s forces capture Orel, 200 miles from Moscow. 16–21 October: Iudenich’s forces capture Gatchina, Tsarskoe Selo, and the Pulkovo heights on the outskirts of Petrograd. 19–20 October: Red forces recapture Orel. British troops complete the evacuation of Transcaucasia, leaving only a small garrison at Batumi (which withdraws on 7–9 July 1920). 21 October–early December: A Red counteroffensive from Petrograd, organized in person by Trotsky, smashes Iudenich’s North-West Army and drives it back into Estonia. 24 October: Red forces recapture Voronezh. 28 October: As Red forces capture Petropavlovsk, Kolchak orders the removal of his government to Irkutsk but refuses to surrender Omsk. General M. K. Diterikhs resigns as commander in chief in protest and is replaced by General K. V. Sakharov. October–December: An extensive and extremely disruptive raid in the rear of Denikin’s forces is conducted by Makhno’s Revolutionary-Insurgent Army of Ukraine (capturing Guliai-Pole, Berdiansk, Nikopol′, Mariupol′, Melitopol′, Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinoslav, and other cities); the Armed Forces of South Russia’s retreat threatens to turn into a rout. 2 November–10 January 1920: The Urals–Gur′ev offensive of Red forces smashes the Urals Army of General V. S. Tol′stov and captures the Urals oblast′. 11 November: The Estonian cabinet votes to end support to Russian White forces. 13 November: The command of the Czechoslovak Legion issues a memorandum demanding that the Allies evacuate the legion from Russia. 13–14 November: Forces of the 5th and 3rd Red Armies capture Kolchak’s capital, Omsk. Kolchak and his government flee eastward by train. 16 November–January 1920: Troops of Iudenich’s North-West Army are interned in Estonia. 17 November: By order of the Revvoensovet of the Republic the 1st Cavalry Army is created, commanded by S. M. Budennyi. Red forces recapture Kursk. An anti-Kolchak uprising at Vladivostok (the Gajda putsch) is crushed. 25 November: Maxim Litvinov meets a British representative (James O’Grady) at Copenhagen to discuss the exchange of prisoners of war. 19 November–10 January 1920: A Red Army offensive on the Southern and South-East Fronts smashes the AFSR. Soviet forces capture left-bank Ukraine, the Don oblast′, and the Donbass and reach the approaches to the North Caucasus. 1–24 December: Bermondt-Avalov’s Western Volunteer Army is interned in Latvia. 2 December: Petliura’s representatives in Warsaw sign an agreement accepting Polish occupation of Eastern Galicia (Western Ukraine). 8 December: Denikin appoints General P. N. Wrangel commander of the Volunteer Army, but unable to face abandoning the Don territory, refuses to accept his advice to withdraw all White forces into Crimea. The Allies define the eastern border of Poland (the Curzon Line). 11 December: General V. O. Kappel′ is named commander in chief of Kolchak’s Russian Army as his predecessor, General Sakharov, is arrested. 12 December: Red forces recapture Khar′kov, which is again proclaimed the capital of the Ukrainian SSR. In Siberia, partisan forces lay siege to Krasnoiarsk and other cities, impeding the retreat of Kolchak’s forces. 16–17 December: Soviet forces recapture Kiev. 23 December: Kolchak’s train is held up by Czechoslovak forces at Nizhneudinsk to allow their own echelons to pass. 24 December: Denikin dismisses Wrangel as commander of the Volunteer Army, accusing the latter of scheming against his leadership of the AFSR. 24–25 December: An anti-Kolchak rising is staged at Irkutsk, organized by the Political Center, which gains control of much of the city. 29 December: Red forces capture Tomsk. 30 December: Red forces enter Ekaterinoslav.