In March–April 1919, the 13th Red Army was engaged in battles across the Donbass, capturing Iuzovka and other centers and moving toward Rostov-on-Don. It was forced onto the retreat by the Armed Forces of South Russia over the summer of 1919, but retook the offensive from Orel in October–November of that year and, by January 1920, had recaptured the Donbass and Mariupol′. In August 1920, the advance from Crimea of the Russian Army of General P. N. Wrangel forced the 13th Red Army to retreat once more, but it was subsequently to participate (as a reserve force) in the Red Army counteroffensive that eventually broke into Crimea in November of that year. The 13th Red Army was disbanded on 12 November 1920, and its forces were merged into the 4th Red Army.
Commanders of the 13th Red Army were I. S. Kozhevnikov (6 March–16 April 1919); A. I. Gekker (16 April 1919–18 February 1920); I. Kh. Pauka (18 February–5 June 1920); R. P. Eideman (5 June–10 July 1920); and I. P. Uborevich (10 July–11 November 1920). Its chiefs of staff were A. A. Dushkevich (6 March–3 July 1919); A. M. Zaionchkovskii (acting, 3 July 1919–26 February 1920); M. A. Orlov (acting, 22 February–20 June 1920); M. I. Alafuzo (20 June–13 October 1920); and F. P. Tokarev (13 October–12 November 1920).
Tikhmenev, Nikolai Mikhailovich (27 March 1872–12 June 1954). Colonel (1907), major general (30 August 1914), lieutenant general (8 February 1917). One of the chief military administrators of the White forces in South Russia, N. M. Tikhmenev was born at Rybinsk and was a graduate of the Moscow Infantry Officer School (1891) and the Academy of the General Staff (1897). After his graduation from the academy, he occupied a number of staff positions and saw action during the Russian expedition into China (1900–1901) and in the Russo–Japanese War. During the First World War, he served as assistant to the head of military communications at the stavka of the main commander in chief (from 5 October 1915) and, from 8 February 1917, was chief of military communications for the entire theater of military operations. Suspected by the Provisional Government of involvement in the Kornilov affair, he was placed on reserve from 10 September 1917.
Tikhmenev joined the Volunteer Army early in 1918 and was a close advisor of General A. I. Denikin following the formation of the Armed Forces of South Russia, working as chief of military communications on Denikin’s staff and overseeing the restoration of the railways in the rear of the army. He was also a member of Denikin’s Special Council. In emigration, he settled in France and was for many years chairman of the Union of Remembrance of Emperor Nicholas II, as well as serving in the Russian Orthodox Church administration in Paris. He is buried in the Russian cemetery of Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Paris.
Tikhon, Patriarch (BelLavin, Vasilii Ivanovich) (19 January 1865–7 April 1925). The head of the Russian Orthodox Church during the civil wars, Tikhon was born into the family of a provincial clergyman and educated at the Pskov Seminary. He was awarded a degree in theology from the St. Petersburg Academy in 1888, took monastic vows in 1891, and was made a bishop in 1898, then was assigned to the Orthodox diocese in Alaska. During his nine years in North America, he drafted a model parish statute, which was to be adopted by the All-Russian Sobor′ of the Orthodox Church of 1917 to 1918. Following the February Revolution, he was one of the first bishops to be elected to a diocese (Moscow) by a diocesan assembly, and on 5 November 1917, he was elected to the newly restored Patriarchate of the Orthodox Church (which had been abolished by Peter the Great in 1701).
During the civil wars, Tikhon refused to offer public support for the Whites, hoping to keep the church out of the struggle, but on 1 February 1918, he anathematized the Bolsheviks for their use of violence and terror and later openly condemned the execution of the Romanov family. In turn, he was gravely persecuted under the Soviet regime and spent more than a year in captivity, without trial, at the Donskoi Monastery (May 1922–June 1923). In 1923, despite issuing a surprise statement declaring the cessation of his hostility to the Soviet state, he was proclaimed deposed by a council of the state-controlled “Living Church”; two years later, he suddenly died. It is widely believed that Tikhon was poisoned at the hands of the Soviet security services (having already survived two attempts on his life). In 1981, he was canonized by the émigré Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, and in 1989 this was confirmed by a Bishops’ Council of the Russian Orthodox Church. Tikhon’s remains rest in a reliquary in the main cathedral (Katholikon) of the Donskoi Monastery, in Moscow.
TIMOSHKOV, SERGEI PROKOF′EVICH (18 October 1895–4 May 1972). Staff captain (1916), kombrig (5 December 1935), major general (4 June 1940). A Red commander active in Central Asia during the civil wars, who joined the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1919, S. P. Timoshkov was born at Zimnitsa, Smolensk guberniia; graduated from the Vil′na Officer School (relocated to Poltava, 1916); and rose to the rank of staff captain in the First World War, as commander of a machine gun detachment with the 4th Turkestan Rifle regiment. He joined the Red Army in 1918, as chief of a machine gun detachment with the 2nd Tashkent Battalion, and from July 1918 he was assistant commander of a detachment battling the anti-Soviet Ashkhabad uprising. From August 1918, he was active on the Transcaspian Front as commander of an independent detachment. He subsequently commanded the 1st Turkestan Rifle Regiment and, at the same time (from April 1919), was assistant commander of the Transcaspian Front. He was then made, successively, commander of the Transcaspian Front (8 August–22 November 1919), commander of the Transcaspian Army Group of the Turkestan Front (22 November–December 1919), and commander of the 1st Turkestan Rifle Division (December 1919–March 1920). From 1921 to 1922, he was commander of the Forces of Turkestan Oblast′, engaged in battles against the Basmachi.
Timoshkov remained in military service after the civil wars, eventually becoming (from May 1930) a senior professor at the Red Military Academy, and in the Second World War (from November 1943) was deputy commander of the 51st Rifle Corps. He was imprisoned in 1948, but was released (in July 1953) soon after the death of J. V. Stalin and was subsequently rehabilitated. He died in Moscow in 1972 and was buried in the Novodevich′e cemetery.