Following the October Revolution, Vinaver was arrested and briefly imprisoned by the Soviet authorities, but was soon released. He then made his way to Moscow, where he went underground. He subsequently moved to Ekaterinodar, to offer his support to the Volunteer Army and to agitate for Allied intervention against the Bolsheviks, then joined Nabokov in the Crimean Regional Government, as its minister for foreign affairs. When that regime collapsed in April 1919, he made his way abroad, via Constantinople.
In emigration, Vinaver settled in Paris, where, together with A. I. Konovalov and N. D. Avksent′ev, he led calls for “the union of all democratic forces” among the émigrés and formed the coalition Republican Democratic Union. He subsequently chaired the Society for Russian Publishing Affairs in Paris and was one of the founders of the influential émigré newspaper Poslednie novosti (“The Latest News”), at the same time continuing with his scholarly work and teaching (at the “Russian University” at the Sorbonne, of which he was a founder). He died in 1926 and was buried in the Père-Lachaise cemetery, in Paris.
Vinogradov, Vladmir Aleksandrovich (1874–?). One of the five members of the anti-Bolshevik Ufa Directory, and a leading figure in the Democratic Counter-Revolution in Siberia, V. A. Vinogradov was born at Kazan′, attended the Kazan′ and Omsk Gymnasia, and was a graduate of the Law Faculty of Moscow University (1896). Following graduation, he first worked as a researcher on economic issues at the university, under the distinguished statistician A. I. Chuprov, before enrolling as a barrister at the Astrakhan District Court (1904–1907). He was then elected to the Third and Fourth State Dumas, where he joined the Kadets’ caucus and was eventually elected to the party Central Committee. During the February Revolution, he was a member of the Temporary Committee of the State Duma that formed the nucleus of the Russian Provisional Government of 1917, in which he served as deputy minister of communications, responsible for water transport and roads.
Vinogradov moved to Siberia in 1918, in the wake of the October Revolution, and at the Ufa State Conference, was chosen as deputy for N. I. Astrov on the Ufa Directory (even though he had not been elected to the Constituent Assembly). During the Omsk coup, he adopted a neutral position, merely resigning his post following the arrest of directors who were members of the Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, but in the summer of 1919 he emerged as a member of a putative “loyal opposition” to the Omsk government, as a member of the State Economic Conference. When it became clear that Admiral A. V. Kolchak was not willing to cooperate with that body, however, Vinogradov resigned and made his way to Vladivostok, where he participated in planning the Gajda putsch. He remained active in politics around Vladivostok until at least 1920, but his subsequent fate is unknown.
Vishnevskii, Evgenii Kondrat′evich (1 November 1876–after 1945). Colonel (1916), major general (13 August 1918). One of the leading White military administrators in Siberia, E. K. Vishnevskii was born into a noble family at Brest-Litovsk, in Grodno guberniia, and was a graduate of Odessa Infantry Officers School (1898). He served in the Russo–Japanese War, and during the First World War, rose to the command of the 64th Siberian Rifle Regiment (from 21 March 1917) and then the 25th Siberian Rifle Depot Regiment (from 9 October 1917).
From January 1918, Vishnevskii was active in underground officer organizations at Tomsk, and along with Colonel A. N. Pepeliaev, was one of the organizers of the anti-Bolshevik rising in that city in May 1918, in the wake of the revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion. He subsequently commanded the 2nd Siberian Rifle Division (23 June 1918–9 January 1919), while also serving in various military-administrative posts. From 15 April to 5 August 1919, he was chief of the Military-Administrative Directorate of the Region of the Western Army of Admiral A. V. Kolchak, in which capacity he oversaw the evacuation of Ufa in early June.
During the collapse of Kolchak’s Russian Army in late 1919, Vishnevskii made his way to the Far East and enlisted in the army of the Provisional Government of the Maritime Province Zemstvo, commanding the Siberian Rifle Regiment (from 10 October 1921), the 3rd Independent Brigade (from 23 March 1922), and the 1st Rifle Brigade of the Grodekovo Group (from 15 May 1922). He participated in the Iakutsk Ice March of General A. N. Pepeliaev, but escaped capture by the Reds and was evacuated from the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk on a Japanese schooner in 1923.
In emigration, Vishnevskii lived in China, where he authored one of the very few firsthand accounts of the events in Iakutia, Argonavty beloi mechty (“The Argonauts of the White Dream,” 1933). He is known to have been working as a bookkeeper with the Gun Bao publishing company from 1930 to 1935, and from 1936 he was employed by the Bureau for the Affairs of Russian Emigrants in Manchuria, as well as assisting in the local operations of ROVS, but his subsequent fate is unknown.
Vitkovskii, Vladimir Konstantinovich (21 April 1885–19 January 1978). Colonel (6 December 1916), major general (December 1918), lieutenant general (April 1920). One of the most dynamic leaders of White forces in South Russia, V. K. Vitkovskii was a graduate of the 1st Cadet Corps (1903) and the Pavlovsk Military School (1905) and served with the Keksgolm Life Guards Regiment, commanding a battalion in the First World War. On 2 October 1917, he was made commander of the 199th Kronshtadt Infantry Regiment.
In the White movement, Vitkovskii participated in the great march from Jassy (Iaşi) to Novocherkassk undertaken by General M. G. Drozdovskii and his followers (March–July 1918). He then commanded the 3rd Infantry Brigade and (from October 1919) the 3rd Rifle (Drozdovtsy) Division of the Volunteer Army, advancing from the Donbass to Orel, before retreating to Novorossiisk and being evacuated from there to Crimea (February 1919–March 1920). He then entered the Russian Army of General P. N. Wrangel, seeing action during the amphibious landings on the north shore of the Sea of Azov in the summer of 1920, before briefly replacing General Ia. A. Slashchev as commander of the 2nd Army Corps (from 17 August 1920). He then replaced General D. P. Dratsenko as commander of Wrangel’s 2nd Army (August–November 1920), before being evacuated with his men from Crimea to Gallipoli, where he took command of the 1st Infantry Division.
Vitkovskii subsequently lived in Bulgaria (1921–1924), as commander of the 1st Army Corps (elements of which he led in the suppression of the Communist rising in the country in September 1923), and as chairman of the Society of Gallipoliitsi, before moving on to France and then, after the Second World War, to the United States. In emigration, Vitkovskii was a lifelong ROVS activist. From 1937, he was chairman of the organization’s 1st (French) Department, but was forced to resign from that position by the occupying German authorities in 1942 (despite encouraging ROVS members to cooperate with the Nazis). He subsequently emigrated to the United States and died at Palo Alto, near San Francisco.