Hetman: P. P. Skoropadskii (29 April–14 December 1918)
Chairman of the Directory: V. K. Vynnychenko (14 December 1918–11 February 1919); S. V. Petliura (11 February 1919–7 May 1921; provisional to 15 February 1919)
Chairman of the Council of Ministers: Volodymyr Vynnychenko (9–15 January 1918); V. I. Holubovych (18 January–29 April 1918); M. I. Sakhno-Ustymovych (29–30 April 1918); V. M. Chekhivsky (26 December 1918–13 February 1919); Serhiy Ostapenko (13 February–9 April 1919); B. M. Martos (9 April–27 August 1919); I. P. Mazepa (27 August 1919–20 May 1920); V. K. Prokopovich (26 May–14 October 1920); A. M. Livytskii (20 October–18 November 1920)
Western Ukraine
President of the Ukrainian National Rada: E. Petrushevych (1 November 1918–22 January 1919; also 20 April 1920–15 March 1923, in exile in Vienna)
Chairmen of the State Secretariat: K. Levytskii (9 November–December 1918); S. Holubovych (3–22 January 1919)
Bessarabia
President of the Bessarabian National Council (Sfatul Ţării): I. Inculeţ (4–10 December 1917)
Chairman of the Council of General Directory: P. V. Erhan (4 December 1917–1 February 1918); D. Cugureanu (1 February–27 November 1918)
Transcaucasia
Chairman of the Transcaucasian Commissariat: E. P. Gegechkori (28 November 1917–26 March 1918)
Chairman of the Transcaucasian Sejm: N. S. Chkheidze (22 April–26 May 1918)
Prime Minister: A. I. Chkhenkeli (22 April–26 May 1918)
Democratic Republic of Armenia
Chairman of the National Council: A. Aharonyan (30 May–1 August 1918)
Chairman of the Council of Armenia: A. Sahakyan (1–5 August 1918)
Chairman of Parliament: A. Aharonyan (5 August 1919–2 December 1920)
Prime Minister: H. Kachaznuni (30 May 1918–28 May 1919); A. I. Khatisyan (28 May 1919–5 May 1920); H. Ohandjanian (5 May–25 November 1920); S. Vratsian (25 November–2 December 1920)
Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan
Chairman of the National Council: M. A. Razulzade (28 May–7 December 1918)
Chairman of Parliament: A. Topchubashov (7 December 1918–27 April 1920)
Prime Minister: F. A. Khan Khoyski (28 May 1918–14 April 1919); N. Yusifbeyli (14 April 1919–1 April 1920); M. H. Hadzhinsky (1–28 April 1920)
Democratic Republic of Georgia
Head of State: N. N. Zhordania (26 May 1918–12 March 1919; head of the National Council to October 1918, then head of Parliament)
President of Constituent Assembly: N. S. Chkheidze (12 March 1919–25 February 1921)
Prime Minister: N. B. Ramishvili (26 May–24 June 1918); N. N. Zhordania (24 June 1918–1921)
Glossary
ataman: A Cossack leader (hetman in Ukraine).
aul: A village or settlement, often fortified, in Daghestan and the Caucasus.
Basmachi: Term, first deployed in Soviet times, to describe Muslim rebels in Central Asia. It has pejorative overtones (of banditry), but has become standard.
batko: An affectionate title (meaning “Little Father”) by which were known many of the insurgent peasant leaders of Ukraine and southern Russia in the civil-war years.
Black Hundreds: Right-wing, monarchist, and anti-Semitic groups in late-imperial Russia.
Borotbists: Borotbisty: the popular name for the Ukrainian Party of Socialists-Revolutionary Borotbists (Communist). Literally, “fighters. ”
budenovka: A peaked cloth helmet worn by the Red Army, named for S. M. Budennyi (although it was first termed a frunzevka, for M. V. Frunze).
cadet: Russian term for a pupil at an officer training school (sometimes also rendered “junker”).
Chekist: A member of the Cheka.
commissar: An official of either the Provisional Government or the Soviet government charged with a particular task. The term was derived from the commissaries of the era of the French Revolution.
composite: A term (in Russian, svodnii) chiefly used by White forces during the civil wars to denote units formed from the core of larger units of the Imperial Russian Army. (Thus, the Composite Regiment of the 19th Infantry Division was a regiment containing former members of the 19th Infantry Division.)
Cossack: Originally a population group of eastern Slavs who settled Russia’s steppe frontier, from the 14th to the 17th centuries, and prospered largely by raiding and looting. By the 19th century, the term denoted a member of a military caste living in the borderlands of the Russian Empire in a separate Host (voisko) that received certain privileges in return for military service.
defensists: Those European socialists who, in 1914, opted to support their countries’ war efforts (typified in Russia by G. V. Plekhanov). Their enemies dubbed them ‘social patriots.’ Cf. internationalists.
desiatina: A Russian unit of area: 1 desiatina = 2. 7 acres or 1. 09 hectares (pl. destiatiny).
druzhina: A militia or small military unit; a squadron.
duma: See State Duma and municipal council.
fedayeen: “Freedom fighters”: Armenian guerrilla groups formed in the late 19th century to oppose Ottoman rule of western Armenia.
front: In Imperial Russian and Soviet usage, a group of armies (or what might be called an army corps).
genshtabisty: Graduates of the imperial Russian Academy of the General Staff.
guberniia: A province (pl. gubernii).
hetman: A Ukrainian Cossack leader.
Host: A Cossack group, based on a geographical nomenclature (e.g., the Don Cossack Host, the Kuban Cossack Host). The Russian term is voisko.
hromada: A union, or brotherhood, associated with Lithuanian, Belorussian, and Ukrainian nationalist organizations.
Inter-District Group: Mezhraionka: a faction of the RSDLP, led by L. D. Trotsky, which occupied a position independent from and intermediate to the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. The group joined the Bolsheviks in July 1917.
internationalists: Those European socialists who, in 1914, opted to oppose their countries’ war efforts (typified in Russia by V. I. Lenin, Iu. O. Martov, and V. M. Chernov). Their enemies dubbed them “defeatists.” Cf. defensists.
junker: See cadet.
Kadets: Members of the Constitutional Democratic Party (also known as the Party of the People’s Freedom), Russia’s main liberal party after 1905.