History of Russia
by
Nathan Dole
Original Copyright 1899
All rights reserved. This book and all parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form without prior permission of the publisher.
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Table of Contents
Front Matter
Ancestors of the Russians
Coming of the Northmen
Expeditions to Constantinople
Princess Saint Olga
Sviatoslav, Pagan Warrior
Vladimir, Sun of Kief
Kief Under Iaroslaf
Quarrels Among the Princes
How Andrew Destroyed Kief
Rival Princes
The Coming of the Tartars
Alexander, Hero of the Neva
Novogorod, Commonwealth
Moscow Triumphs over Tver
The Hero of the Don
Russia Almost Crushed
Donski's Grandchildren
Ivan the Great and Novgorod
The Fate of Viatka and Tver
Ivan Marries a Greek Princess
Ivan and the Tartars
Ivan and his Son-in-law
Ivan and Western Europe
Basil and Lithuania
Basil and the Tartars
A Many-winged Eagle
Basil, Prince of Moscow
Ivan and his Guardian
How Ivan became the Tsar
A Cloud over Kazan
Defeat and Conquest
English Discover Russia
Ivan Writes his Name in Blood
Dynasty of Andrew Perished
False Prince and the Usurper
Ashes of a Russian Tsar
Brigand, Prince, and Butcher
How the Tsar Regained a City
A Riot and a Regent
Peter the Great and the Sea
The Royal Shipwright
Peter and the Iron Head
Peter Knouts his Son
Russian Throne Passes Hands
Catherine Dispatches Husband
Catherine's Glory and Shame
The Russian Hamlet
How Wolf Entered the Kennel
The Invasion of Russia
The Revolution of 1848
The Crimean War
The Beginning of Freedom
The Nihilists and the Tsar
The Reign of Alexander III
The Ancestors of the Russians
In Central Asia there is a vast table-land surrounded by lofty, sheltering mountains, watered by noble The early rivers, and so fertile that it might well be called home of the Garden of Eden. Perhaps this was the cradle Aryans of the human race.
The people who dwelt there in earliest times tilled the soil, tended their flocks and herds, fished in the wide streams, worshipped the heaven and "our mother the dank earth," and, living quiet and happy lives, increased and multiplied until at last there was no more room for them all. Then the young men, taking their families and their goods, joined themselves into little bands and turned their faces toward the south and the west and the north.
Some settled on the lands between the Indus and the Ganges; some reached the beautiful islands of the Mediterranean, and peopled the sunny vales of Greece and the balmy shores of Italy; others, more adventurous, wandered across the never-ending plains into the cold, wind-swept regions of Russia and the rocky coasts of Scandinavia.
ISLAND OF LIPARL.
The Hindu throwing himself under the wheels of Juggernaut, the wild robber-chief lurking in the caves of Olympos, the Italian beggar proud of his name, the peasant starving in the swamps of Ireland, the serf in his sheepskin coat crouching on top of his huge oven, the farmer guiding his oxen over the stony hills of New England, are all kith and kin. Our common ancestors dwelt in that morning land and spoke one language, which was the parent of a hundred tongues,—Sanskrit and Greek and Latin, Keltic and Russian, German and English. Hence all over the world are found the same superstitions, the same customs of seed-time and harvest, the same rites of marriage and death, the same strange myths and fairy tales: Jack the Giant Killer and Cinderella were natives of the Garden of Eden thousands of years ago.
The wanderers from Asia who settled in Greece became civilized early and built cities, the history of which every schoolboy knows. The Greek cities in turn sent out colonists who established trading-posts and flourishing towns on the shores of the Black Sea, at the mouth of the Danube, on the Don, in the Crimea, at the foot of the Caucasus. These enterprising merchants kept alive the manners and customs of the mother cities, sang the poems of Homer as they marched to battle, cultivated the arts of sculpture and eloquence, and bartered with their barbarous cousins, the Scythians, who brought furs and honey, amber and lapis-lazuli, to exchange for richly sculptured vases, jewels, and weapons fashioned to their taste by Athenian artisans.
Herodotus, the father of history, made a journey to these regions, and he gives us what little knowledge we have of the many tribes which, under the general name of Scythians, occupied south-eastern Europe four centuries before Christ. He divides them into three branches the farmers, the herdsmen, or wanderers, and the royal Scythians, who considered the others their slaves. Many of them were doubtless Finns; many were driven west and occupied the forests of Germany; some were the ancestors of the Russians.
In the Museum of the Hermitage at St. Petersburg there are two vases which were found in the tombs of southern Russia, and are believed to be more than two thousand years old. On one of them men are represented in sculptured silver, taming and bridling their horses. With their long beards, coarse features, strange tunics and trousers, they are the very type of the present inhabitants of the same plains. They are the agricultural Scythians, the ancestors of the Slavs of the Dnieper. On the other vase, in gold, are the royal Scythians, warriors with pointed caps, embroidered garments, and curving bows.
These tribes worshipped as their god of war an antique iron sword fixed on top of a mound, and sacrificed to it their captives. They drank the blood of the first enemy slain in battle, took off the scalps of their conquered foes and made cloaks of them, or swung them as ornaments from their saddle-bows, and used their skulls, lined with leather or beaten gold, for drinking cups.
Our knowledge of the world of tribes who dwelt beyond the Scythians in the far north is less accurate and is mixed with fable. Some were cannibals, and devoured the bodies of their dead parents with great solemnity; some were called Black Robes, from the color of their raiment; others were luxurious and fond of adorning themselves with gold; some, like the Cyclops, had only one eye; some were from birth to death snub-nosed and bald, both men and women; others, once every year, were changed into fierce were-wolves. There were tribes of warlike women, called Amazons, who killed their male children; and the Gryphons who kept watch and ward over fabulous hoards of gold in unapproachable mountains; and gentle and peace-loving men who dwelt under the north star and fed on dainty food, eating honey and drinking dew, and thus lived to be centuries old.