Solzhenitsyn, Alexander lsayevich (1918- ): Russian novelist who was in a forced-labor camp from 1945 to 1953. His One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) was the first account of the camps to appear in print in the Soviet Union. A larger novel on the same subject, The First Circle, has been published only in the West. "Zotov," mentioned by Mrs. Mandelstam on p. 339, is a character in his short story "Incident at the Krechetovka Station."
Sosnora, Victor Alexandrovich (1936- ): Leningrad poet.
Spasskiy Sergei Dmitrievich (1898-1956): Poet. Arrested in 1936 or 1937, he was rehabilitated only after many years in prisons and camps.
Startsev, Abel Isaakovich: Literary scholar and critic.
Stavski у Vasili P. (?—1943): Prose writer. Appointed secretary of the Board of the Union of Soviet Writers in 1936, he was active in the denunciation of writers for Trotskiism and other "crimes."
Stenich (Smetanich), Valentin Iosifovich: Poet, translator (notably of James Joyce and John Dos Passos). He was evidendy arrested and shot in 1938.
Stolpner, Boris Grigorievich (1863-?): Marxist philosopher and translator of Hegel.
Struveу Gleb Petrovich (1898- ): Eminent emigre scholar, author of the standard History of Soviet Russian Literature. With Boris Filip- pov, he edited the works of Mandelstam, Pasternak, Akhmatova, Gumilev and others.
Strzigovski, Josef (1862-1941): Austrian art historian, author of Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa (Vienna, 1918).
SurikoVy Vasili lvanovich (1848-1916): Russian artist whose painting "Morning of the Execution of the Streltsy" was first exhibited on March 1, 1881, the day Alexander III was assassinated.
Surkov, Alexei Alexandrovich (1899- ): Poet, graduate of the Institute of Red Professors, war correspondent; editor of Literaturnaya Gazeta (Literary Gazette), 1944-46; secretary of the Union of Soviet Writers, 1954-59.
Syrtsov, Sergei lvanovich (?-19з8): Member of the Central Committee.
He was premier of the R.S.F.S.R., 1929, and candidate member of the Politburo, 1930. In December 1930 he was accused, with Besso Lominadze, of creating an "anti-Party bloc." He disappeared in 1936 and is presumed to have died in a labor camp.
Tager, Elena Mikhailovna (1895-1964): Poet and prose writer. In 1920 she was expelled from Petrograd to Archangel by the Cheka, but returned to Leningrad in 1927. In 1939 she was arrested and accused of working for the "fascist intelligence service." She served her ten years' sentence in Kolyma, and then spent a further six years in exile in western Siberia and central Asia. In 1954 she was allowed to go and live in Moscow, but was not formally rehabilitated until 1956. A book of stories she had first published in 1929 was reissued in 1957. Her memoir on Mandelstam was published in New York in 1965 (see Tolstoi, Alexei Nikolayevich).
Tairov, Alexander Yakovlevich (1885-1950): Actor and, later, director of the Kamerny Theater in Moscow. He was dismissed from this post in 1939.
Tarasenkov, Anatoli Kuzmich (1909-1956): Literary scholar and critic.
Tatlin, Vladimir Yevgrafovich (1885-1953): Constructivist painter and set designer.
Tikhonov, Nikolai Semionovich (1896- ): Soviet poet, influenced by Gumilev and Khlebnikov, who later adapted to the demands of "socialist realism." He was secretary of the Union of Soviet Writers, 1944-46, and from 1950 chairman of the Soviet Peace Committee.
Tiutchev, Fedor Ivanovich (1803-1873): Major lyric poet.
Tolstoi, Count Alexei Konstantinovich (1817-1875): Poet and playwright whose historical plays and humorous verse are still popular.
Tolstoi, Count Alexei Nikolayevich (1882-1945): Poet, playwright and journalist, famous for two historical novels: The Road to Calvary and Peter /. He was a prolific writer of novels and short stories and enjoyed a great vogue in the Soviet Union. In 1919 he emigrated but soon returned to the Soviet Union. Known as the "Red Count," he proceeded to adapt himself with unrivaled skill to the twists and turns of Party policy.
The circumstances which led to Mandelstam slapping Tolstoi's face in 1934 are known only from E. M. Tager's memoir on Mandelstam, published in the West a few years ago (Novy Zhurnal (New Review), December 1965, New York). According to Mrs. Tager, the whole affair started with a party in the Mandelstams' apartment in Moscow during which the novelist Sergei Borodin (also known under the pseudonym Amir Sargidzhan) assaulted Mrs. Mandelstam. A writers' "court of honor" presided over by Tolstoi looked into the incident, but appears to have exonerated Borodin and suggested that the Mandelstams were themselves to blame. On a visit to Leningrad some time later (in the middle of 1934) Mandelstam slapped Tolstoi's face during a meeting in the director's office of the Leningrad Writers' Publishing House. It happened in the presence of half a dozen other writers, and when Mrs. Tager arrived on the scene a few moments later she found them all still standing open- mouthed with horror and surprise—like the cast at the end of Gogol's Inspector General.
Tomashevski, Boris Victorovich (1890-1957): Leningrad literary scholar and editor.
Tretiakov, Peter Nikolayevich (1892-1939): Essayist and playwright, member of LEF. He was well known for his Roar, China! Arrested during the purges, he died in a camp,
Tsvetayeva, Marina Ivanovna (1892-1941): Gifted Russian poet who was a friend of Pasternak, Mandelstam and Akhmatova. All four dedicated verse to one another, and are regarded as having no equals in their generation. Tsvetayeva's fate was the most tragic of all. Her husband, Sergei Efron, whom she married in 1912, served during the Civil War as an officer in the White Army, but she was trapped in Moscow till 1922. From 1922 till 1925 she lived in Prague, and then in Paris till 1939. As a suspected GPU agent, Efron was forced to flee France and went back to Moscow. Tsvetayeva followed him there in 1939, only to find that he had been executed on his return, and that their daughter had been sent to a camp. When war broke out, she was evacuated to the town of Elabuga, where in August 1941 she hanged herself. Volumes of her selected verse were finally published in the Soviet Union in 1961 and 1965. In addition to her poetry, she wrote plays and valuable critical essays. A memoir by her on her relations with Mandelstam was published in 1964 in the Oxford Slavonic Papers.
Tvardovski, Alexander Trifonovich (1910- ): Soviet poet, author of the immensely popular wartime ballad on the soldier Vasili Tiorkin. Editor of the liberal literary journal Novy Mir (New World) from 1949 to 1954, and again from 1958 to 1970.