3. John von Neumann, “First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC,” Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, June 30, 1945. John von Neumann, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” Bell System Technical Journal, July and October 1948.
4. Jeremy Bernstein, The Analytical Engine: Computers—Past, Present, and Future, rev. ed. (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1981).
5. “Japan’s K Computer Tops 10 Petaflop/s to Stay Atop TOP500 List,” Top 500, November 11, 2011, http://top500.org/lists/2011/11/press-release.
6. Carver Mead, Analog VLSI and Neural Systems (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1986).
7. “IBM Unveils Cognitive Computing Chips,” IBM news release, August 18, 2011, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/35251.wss.
8. “Japan’s K Computer Tops 10 Petaflop/s to Stay Atop TOP500 List.”
Chapter 9: Thought Experiments on the Mind
1. John R. Searle, “I Married a Computer,” in Jay W. Richards, ed., Are We Spiritual Machines? Ray Kurzweil vs. the Critics of Strong AI (Seattle: Discovery Institute, 2002).
2. Stuart Hameroff, Ultimate Computing: Biomolecular Consciousness and Nanotechnology (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1987).
3. P. S. Sebel et al., “The Incidence of Awareness during Anesthesia: A Multicenter United States Study,” Anesthesia and Analgesia 99 (2004): 833–39.
4. Stuart Sutherland, The International Dictionary of Psychology (New York: Macmillan, 1990).
5. David Cockburn, “Human Beings and Giant Squids,” Philosophy 69, no. 268 (April 1994): 135–50.
6. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, from a lecture given in 1913, published in Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes: Twenty-Five Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity [Behavior] of Animals (London: Martin Lawrence, 1928), 222.
7. Roger W. Sperry, from James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain, 1964, p. 2.
8. Henry Maudsley, “The Double Brain,” Mind 14, no. 54 (1889): 161–87.
9. Susan Curtiss and Stella de Bode, “Language after Hemispherectomy,” Brain and Cognition 43, nos. 1–3 (June–August 2000): 135–38.
10. E. P. Vining et al., “Why Would You Remove Half a Brain? The Outcome of 58 Children after Hemispherectomy—the Johns Hopkins Experience: 1968 to 1996,” Pediatrics 100 (August 1997): 163–71. M. B. Pulsifer et al., “The Cognitive Outcome of Hemispherectomy in 71 Children,” Epilepsia 45, no. 3 (March 2004): 243–54.
11. S. McClelland III and R. E. Maxwell, “Hemispherectomy for Intractable Epilepsy in Adults: The First Reported Series,” Annals of Neurology 61, no. 4 (April 2007): 372–76.
12. Lars Muckli, Marcus J. Naumerd, and Wolf Singer, “Bilateral Visual Field Maps in a Patient with Only One Hemisphere,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 31 (August 4, 2009), http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809688106.
13. Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988).
14. F. Fay Evans-Martin, The Nervous System (New York: Chelsea House, 2005), http://www.scribd.com/doc/5012597/The-Nervous-System.
15. Benjamin Libet, Mind Time: The Temporal Factor in Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
16. Daniel C. Dennett, Freedom Evolves (New York: Viking, 2003).
17. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Who’s in Charge? Free Will and the Science of the Brain (New York: Ecco/HarperCollins, 2011).
18. David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1765), 2nd ed., edited by Eric Steinberg (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1993).
19. Arthur Schopenhauer, The Wisdom of Life.
20. Arthur Schopenhauer, On the Freedom of the Will (1839).
21. From Raymond Smullyan, 5000 B.C. and Other Philosophical Fantasies (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983).
22. For an insightful and entertaining examination of similar issues of identity and consciousness, see Martine Rothblatt, “The Terasem Mind Uploading Experiment,” International Journal of Machine Consciousness 4, no. 1 (2012): 141–58. In this paper, Rothblatt examines the issue of identity with regard to software that emulates a person based on “a database of video interviews and associated information about a predecessor person.” In this proposed future experiment, the software is successfully emulating the person it is based on.
23. “How Do You Persist When Your Molecules Don’t?” Science and Consciousness Review 1, no. 1 (June 2004), http://www.sci-con.org/articles/20040601.xhtml.
Chapter 10: The Law of Accelerating Returns Applied to the Brain
1. “DNA Sequencing Costs,” National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, http://www.genome.gov/sequencingcosts/.
2. “Genetic Sequence Data Bank, Distribution Release Notes,” December 15, 2009, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/gbrel.txt.
3. “DNA Sequencing—The History of DNA Sequencing,” January 2, 2012, http://www.dnasequencing.org/history-of-dna.
4. “Cooper’s Law,” ArrayComm, http://www.arraycomm.com/technology/coopers-law.
5. “The Zettabyte Era,” Cisco, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/VNI_Hyperconnectivity_WP.xhtml, and “Number of Internet Hosts,” Internet Systems Consortium, http://www.isc.org/solutions/survey/history.
6. TeleGeography © PriMetrica, Inc., 2012.
7. Dave Kristula, “The History of the Internet” (March 1997, update August 2001), http://www.davesite.com/webstation/net-history.shtml; Robert Zakon, “Hobbes’ Internet Timeline v8.0,” http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline; Quest Communications, 8-K for 9/13/1998 EX-99.1; Converge! Network Digest, December 5, 2002, http://www.convergedigest.com/Daily/daily.asp?vn=v9n229&fecha=December%2005,%202002; Jim Duffy, “AT&T Plans Backbone Upgrade to 40G,” Computerworld, June 7, 2006, http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9001032; “40G: The Fastest Connection You Can Get?” InternetNews.com, November 2, 2007, http://www.internetnews.com/infra/article.php/3708936; “Verizon First Global Service Provider to Deploy 100G on U.S. Long-Haul Network,” news release, Verizon, http://newscenter.verizon.com/press-releases/verizon/2011/verizon-first-global-service.xhtml.
8. Facebook, “Key Facts,” http://newsroom.fb.com/content/default.aspx?NewsAreaId=22.
9. http://www.kurzweilai.net/how-my-predictions-are-faring.