10. Calculations per Second per $1,000
11. Top 500 Supercomputer Sites, http://top500.org/.
12. “Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide,” Intel Research, http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.htm.
13. 1971–2000: VLSI Research Inc.
2001–2006: The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2002 Update and 2004 Update, Table 7a, “Cost—Near-term Years,” “DRAM cost/bit at (packaged microcents) at production.”
2007–2008: The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2007, Tables 7a and 7b, “Cost—Near-term Years,” “Cost—Long-term Years,” http://www.itrs.net/Links/2007ITRS/ExecSum2007.pdf.
2009–2022: The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2009, Tables 7a and 7b, “Cost—Near-term Years,” “Cost—Long-term Years,” http://www.itrs.net/Links/2009ITRS/Home2009.htm.
14. To make all dollar values comparable, computer prices for all years were converted to their year 2000 dollar equivalent using the Federal Reserve Board’s CPI data at http://minneapolisfed.org/research/data/us/calc/. For example, $1 million in 1960 is equivalent to $5.8 million in 2000, and $1 million in 2004 is equivalent to $0.91 million in 2000.
1949: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/EDSAC99/statistics.xhtml, http://www.davros.org/misc/chronology.xhtml.
1951: Richard E. Matick, Computer Storage Systems and Technology (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977); http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa062398.htm.
1955: Matick, Computer Storage Systems and Technology; OECD, 1968, http://members.iinet.net.au/~dgreen/timeline.xhtml.
1960: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/alt.sys.pdp8/PDP-8_Frequently_Asked_Questions_%28posted_every_other_month%29; http://www.dbit.com/~greeng3/pdp1/pdp1.xhtml#INTRODUCTION.
1962: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/alt.sys.pdp8/PDP-8_Frequently_Asked_Questions_%28posted_every_other_month%29.
1964: Matick, Computer Storage Systems and Technology; http://www.research.microsoft.com/users/gbell/craytalk; http://www.ddj.com/documents/s=1493/ddj 0005hc/.
1965: Matick, Computer Storage Systems and Technology; http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/univac/config1108.xhtml; http://www.frobenius.com/univac.htm.
1968: Data General.
1969, 1970: http://www.eetimes.com/special/special_issues/millennium/mile stones/whittier.xhtml.
1974: Scientific Electronic Biological Computer Consulting (SCELBI).
1975–1996: Byte magazine advertisements.
1997–2000: PC Computing magazine advertisements.
2001: www.pricewatch.com (http://www.jc-news.com/parse.cgi?news/pricewatch/raw/pw-010702).
2002: www.pricewatch.com (http://www.jc-news.com/parse.cgi?news/price watch/raw/pw-020624).
2003: http://sharkyextreme.com/guides/WMPG/article.php/10706_2227191_2.
2004: http://www.pricewatch.com (11/17/04).
2008: http://www.pricewatch.com (10/02/08) ($16.61).
15. Dataquest/Intel and Pathfinder Research:
| Year | $ | Log ($) |
|---|---|---|
| 1968 | 1.00000000 | 0 |
| 1969 | 0.85000000 | −0.16252 |
| 1970 | 0.60000000 | −0.51083 |
| 1971 | 0.30000000 | −1.20397 |
| 1972 | 0.15000000 | −1.89712 |
| 1973 | 0.10000000 | −2.30259 |
| 1974 | 0.07000000 | −2.65926 |
| 1975 | 0.02800000 | −3.57555 |
| 1976 | 0.01500000 | −4.19971 |
| 1977 | 0.00800000 | −4.82831 |
| 1978 | 0.00500000 | −5.29832 |
| 1979 | 0.00200000 | −6.21461 |
| 1980 | 0.00130000 | −6.64539 |
| 1981 | 0.00082000 | −7.10621 |
| 1982 | 0.00040000 | −7.82405 |
| 1983 | 0.00032000 | −8.04719 |
| 1984 | 0.00032000 | −8.04719 |
| 1985 | 0.00015000 | −8.80488 |
| 1986 | 0.00009000 | −9.31570 |
| 1987 | 0.00008100 | −9.42106 |
| 1988 | 0.00006000 | −9.72117 |
| 1989 | 0.00003500 | −10.2602 |
| 1990 | 0.00002000 | −10.8198 |
| 1991 | 0.00001700 | −10.9823 |
| 1992 | 0.00001000 | −11.5129 |
| 1993 | 0.00000900 | −11.6183 |
| 1994 | 0.00000800 | −11.7361 |
| 1995 | 0.00000700 | −11.8696 |
| 1996 | 0.00000500 | −12.2061 |
| 1997 | 0.00000300 | −12.7169 |
| 1998 | 0.00000140 | −13.4790 |
| 1999 | 0.00000095 | −13.8668 |
| 2000 | 0.00000080 | −14.0387 |
| 2001 | 0.00000035 | −14.8653 |
| 2002 | 0.00000026 | −15.1626 |
| 2003 | 0.00000017 | −15.5875 |
| 2004 | 0.00000012 | −15.9358 |
| 2005 | 0.000000081 | −16.3288 |
| 2006 | 0.000000063 | −16.5801 |
| 2007 | 0.000000024 | −17.5452 |
| 2008 | 0.000000016 | −17.9507 |