261 Cadwalladr, “Google, Democracy and the Truth About Internet Search.”
262 Vindu Goel, “Russian Cyberforgers Steal Millions a Day with Fake Sites,” New York Times, December 20, 2016, nytimes.com/2016/12/20/technology/forgers-use-fake-web-users-to-steal-real-ad-revenue.html.
263 Cyber Grand Challenge Rules, Version 3, November 18, 2014, DARPA, archive.darpa.mil/CyberGrandChallenge_CompetitorSite/Files/CGC_Rules_18_Nov_14_Version_3.pdf.
264 Harry Hillaker, “Tribute to John R. Boyd,” Code One, July 1997, web.archive.org/web/20070917232626/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1997/articles/jul_97/july2a_97.html. (останній перегляд: 1-го квітня 2017 року).
265 Raj Shah, “PolitiFact’s So-Called Fact-Checks Show Bias, Incompetence, or Both,” Republican National Committee, August 30, 2016, gop.com/politifacts-so-called-fact-checks-show-bias-incompetence-or-both/.
266 George Soros, The Crisis of Global Capitalism (New York: PublicAffairs, 1998), 6–18.
267 George Soros, Open Society (New York: PublicAffairs, 2000), xii.
268 Gus Lubin, Mike Nudelman, and Erin Fuchs, “9 Maps That Show How Americans Commit Crime,” Business Insider, September 25, 2013, businessinsider.com/maps-on-fbis-uniform-crime-report-2013-9.
269 Alex Peysakhovich and Kristin Hendrix, “News Feed FYI: Further Reducing Clickbait in Feed,” Facebook newsroom, August 24, 2016, newsroom.fb.com/news/2016/08/news-feed-fyi-further-reducing-clickbait-in-feed/.
270 Travis Allen, “California Democrats Legalize Child Prostitution,” December 29, 2016, washingtonexaminer.com/california-democrats-legalize-child-prostitution/article/2610540.
271 John Borthwick, “Media Hacking,” Render, March 7, 2015, render.betaworks.com/media-hacking-3b1e350d619c.
272 Cadwalladr, “How to Bump Holocaust Deniers off Google’s Top Spot? Pay Google.”
273 Peter Kafka, “Facebook Has Started to Flag Fake News Stories,” Recode, March 4, 2017, recode.net/2017/3/4/14816254/facebook-fake-news-disputed-trump-snopes-politifact-seattle-tribune.
274 Krishna Bharat, “How to Detect Fake News in Real-Time,” NewCo Shift, April 27, 2017, shift.newco.co/how-to-detect-fake-news-in-real-time-9fdae0197bfd. Я розповів у цьому розділі лише про деякі ідеї Барата. У статті можна знайти багато інших практичних пропозицій про те, як виявляти фейкові новини за допомогою алгоритмів.
275 Bharat, “How to Detect Fake News in Real-Time.”
276 Michael Marder, “Failure of U.S. Public Secondary Schools in Mathematics,” University of Texas UTeach, uteach.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/BrokenEducation2011.pdf, 3. (останній перегляд: квітень 2017-го).
277 Mark Zuckerberg, “Building Global Community,” Facebook, February 16, 2016, facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community/10154544292806634/.
278 Robert Putnam, “The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life,” American Prospect, Spring 1993, prospect.org/article/prosperous-community-social-capital-and-public-life. (останній перегляд: 1-го квітня 2017 року).
279 Zuckerberg, “Building Global Community.”
280 Wael Ghonim, Revolution 2.0 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2012).
281 Colin Megill, “pol.is in Taiwan,” pol.is blog, May 25, 2016, blog.pol.is/pol-is-in-taiwan-da7570d372b5.
282 Там само.
283 “Human Spectrogram,” Knowledge Sharing Tools and Method Toolkit, kstoolkit.org/Human+Spectrogram. (останній перегляд: 1-го квітня 2017 року).
284 Audrey Tang, “Uber Responds to vTaiwan’s Coherent Blended Volition,” pol.is blog, May 23, 2016, blog.pol.is/uber-responds-to-vtaiwans-coherent-blended-volition-3e9b75102b9b.
285 Ray Dalio, TED, April 24, 2017, ted2017.ted.com/program.
286 Josh Constine, “Facebook’s New Anti-Clickbait Algorithm Buries Bogus Headlines,” TechCrunch, August 4, 2016, techcrunch.com/2016/08/04/facebook-clickbait/.
287 Greg Sterling, “Search Ads Generated 50 Percent of Digital Revenue in First Half of 2016,” Search Engine Land, November 1, 2016, searchengineland.com/search-ads-1h-generated-16-3-billion-50-percent-total-digital-revenue-262217.
288 Evan Williams, “Renewing Medium’s Focus,” Medium, January 4, 2017, blog.medium.com/renewing-mediums-focus-98f374a960be.
289 Там само.
290 Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock, “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, June 17, 2014, updated with PNAS “Editorial Expression of Concern and Correction,” July 22, 2014, pnas.org/content/111/24/8788.full.pdf.
291 Vindu Goel, “Facebook Tinkers with Users’ Emotions in News Feed Experiment, Stirring Outcry,” New York Times, June 29, 2014, nytimes.com/2014/06/30/technology/facebook-tinkers-with-users-emotions-in-news-feed-experiment-stirring-outcry.html.
292 Річ у тім, що саме так називається книжка Домінґоса: «Володар Алгоритм» (The Master Algorithm) (New York: Basic Books, 2015).
293 Eliza Collins, “Les Moonves: Trump’s Run Is ‘Damn Good for CBS,’” Politico, June 29, 2016, politico.com/blogs/on-media/2016/02/les-moonves-trump-cbs-220001.
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294 “We Are the 99 Percent,” tumblr.com, September 14, 2011, wearethe99percent.tumblr.com/page/231.
295 “An Open Letter: Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence,” Future of Life Institute, futureoflife.org/ai-open-letter/. (останній перегляд: 1-го квітня 2017 року).
296 Greg Brockman, Ilya Sutskever, and OpenAI, “Introducing OpenAI,” OpenAI Blog, December 11, 2015,
blog.openai.com/introducing-openai/.
297 Judith Newman, “To Siri, with Love,” New York Times, October 17, 2014, nytimes.com/2014/10/19/fashion/how-apples-siri-became-one-autistic-boys-bff.html.
298 “Andrew Ng: Why ‘Deep Learning’ Is a Mandate for Humans, Not Just Machines,” Wired, May 2015, (останній перегляд: 1-го квітня 2017 року), wired.com/brandlab/2015/05/andrew-ng-deep-learning-mandate-humans-not-just-machines/.
299 Emeran A. Mayer, Rob Knight, Sarkis K. Mazmanian, John F. Cryan, and Kirsten Tillisch, “Gut Microbes and the Brain: Paradigm Shift in Neuroscience,” Journal of Neuroscience, 34, no. 46 (2014): 15490–96, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3299–14.2014.
300 David Silver et al., “Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search,” Nature 529 (2016): 484–89, doi:10.1038/nature16961.
301 Beau Cronin, “Untapped Opportunities in AI,” O’Reilly Ideas, June 4, 2014, oreilly.com/ideas/untapped-opportunities-in-ai.
302 Michael Lewis interviewed by Terry Gross, “On a ‘Rigged’ Wall Street, Milliseconds Make All the Difference,” NPR Fresh Air, April 1, 2014, npr.org/2014/04/01/297686724/on-a-rigged-wall-street-milliseconds-make-all-the-difference.
303 Felix Salmon, “John Thain Comes Clean,” Reuters, October 7, 2009, blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/2009/10/07/john-thain-comes-clean/.