53. Cantor, Op. cit., page 388, and Moynahan, Op. cit., page 279. See also: Peter Biller and Anne Hudson (editors), Heresy and Literacy, 1000–1530, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1994, page 94.
54. Bernard McGinn, AntiChrist, New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, page 6.
55. Ibid., pages 100–113; see also Moynahan, Op. cit., page 215.
56. McGinn, Op. cit., page 138.
57. Ibid., pages 136–137.
58. Colish, Op. cit., page 249.
59. Cantor, Op. cit., page 389.
60. Biller and Hudson (editors), Op. cit., pages 38–39. Colish, Op. cit., page 251. See Moynahan, Op. cit., page 280–281, for an account of the Bogomils.
61. Cantor, Op. cit., page 390.
62. Colish, Op. cit., page 251.
63. Edward Grant, God and Reason in the Middle Ages, Op. cit., page 24.
64. Cantor, Op. cit., page 417. Canning, Op. cit., page 121, agrees that Innocent’s reign was the crux of the medieval papacy.
65. Cantor, Op. cit., pages 389–393.
66. Edward Burman, The Inquisition: Hammer of Heresy, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Aquarian Press, 1984, page 16.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid., page 23.
69. Ibid., See Stephen Haliczer (editor), Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe, London and Sydney: Croom Helm, 1987, page 10, for more statistics.
70. Burman, Op. cit., page 23.
71. Ibid., page 25.
72. James B. Given, Inquisition and Medieval Society, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1997, page 11. See also: Moynahan, Op. cit., page 281.
73. Burman, Op. cit., page 33 and Given, Op. cit., page 14, for the early organisation of the inquisition.
74. Burman, Op. cit., page 41. See also: Moynahan, Op. cit., page 41.
75. Burman, Op. cit., page 57.
76. Ibid., pages 60–61. On another occasion, he had eighty men, women and children burned in Strasbourg. See: Moynahan, Op. cit., page 286.
77. In the wheel the prisoner was tied to a cartwheel and beaten. The rack, as is well known, stretched the body to breaking point, a bit like the strappado.
78. Jews offered a different but allied problem. There was a large and prosperous Jewish community in the south of France – Cathar territory – and, as we have seen, there may well have been Jewish ideas mixed up in the genealogy of Catharism. So although Innocent forbade attempts to convert Jews by force, he did advocate ghettoisation – physical separation – which not only limited contact but implied that they were social pariahs. It was at the Fourth Lateran Council, held towards the end of Innocent’s papacy in 1215, that it was decreed the Jews should wear a yellow patch ‘so they could be easily distinguished as outcasts’. See: Cantor, Op. cit., page 426.
79. William Chester Jordan, Europe in the High Middle Ages, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 2001, page 9; and Cantor, Op. cit., pages 418–419. See also as a general reference: Jacques le Goff, The Medieval Imagination, translated by Arthur Goldhammer, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985, especially part 2, section 2, ‘The perception of Christendom by the Roman Curia’ and ‘The organisation of an ecumenical council in 1274’.
80. Knowles and Obolensky, Op. cit., page 290.
81. Cantor, Op. cit., page 491.
82. Canning, Op. cit., pages 137–148.
83. Cantor, Op. cit., page 493.
84. Ibid., page 495. See also: Canning, Op. cit., pages 139–140.
85. Cantor, Op. cit., page 496.
86. Moynahan, Op. cit., pages 298ff.
CHAPTER 17: THE SPREAD OF LEARNING AND THE RISE OF ACCURACY
1. Georges Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981, pages 97ff.
2. Ibid., page 98.
3. Ibid.
4. Anders Piltz, The Medieval World of Learning, Oxford: Blackwell, 1981, page 26. See also: Moynahan, Op. cit., page 269, and Le Goff, Op. cit., page 54.
5. Duby, Op. cit., page 100.
6. Ibid., page 101.
7. Ibid., page 111.
8. R. W. S. Southern, ‘The schools of Paris and the schools of Chartres’, in Benson and Constable (editors), Op. cit., page 114.
9. Ibid., page 115.
10. Ibid., pages 124–128.
11. Ibid., page 129.
12. Chester Jordan, Op. cit., page 116. R. W. S. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages, The Penguin History of the Church, London: Penguin Books, 1970/1990, page 94. See also: Le Goff, Op. cit., page 179, for the concept of civitas in the Middle Ages.
13. Rubenstein, Aristotle’s Children, Op. cit., page 127. See also: Chester Jordan, Op. cit., page 113, and Duby, Op. cit., page 115.
14. Duby, Op. cit., page 115.
15. Ibid., page 116.
16. Alan Cobban, The Medieval Universities, London: Methuen, 1975, page 8.
17. Ibid., page 9.
18. Ibid., page 10.
19. Ibid., page 11.
20. Piltz, Op. cit., page 18.
21. Cobban, Op. cit., page 12.
22. Ibid., page 14.