79. Barnes, Op. cit., page 816.
80. Redwood, Op. cit., page 120.
81. Israel, Op. cit., page 605.
82. In some geology departments in modern universities, 23 October is still ‘celebrated’, ironically, as the anniversary of the earth’s birthday.
83. Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought, Op. cit., page 315.
84. Rosenberg and Bloom, The Book of J, Op. cit.
85. Israel, Op. cit., page 142.
86. Redwood, Op. cit., page 131.
87. Mayr, Op. cit., page 316.
88. Boyle actually said that he believed in ‘natural morality’. Herrick, Op. cit., page 39.
89. Barnes, Op. cit., page 821.
CHAPTER 26: FROM SOUL TO MIND: THE SEARCH FOR THE LAWS OF HUMAN NATURE
1. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., pages 247ff.
2. Boorstin, The Seekers, Op. cit., page 193 for Voltaire’s flight to London, and its effects. Geoffrey Hawthorn, Enlightenment and Despair: A History of Social Theory, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1976, page 11, for Voltaire’s education and how it bred intellectual independence; and pages 10–11 for the English influence on the French Enlightenment (Locke and Newton).
3. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., page 249.
4. Ibid.
5. Quoted Ibid., page 250.
6. Ibid., page 251.
7. Raymond Naves, Voltaire et l’Encyclopédie, Paris, 1938.
8. P. N. Furbank, Diderot, London: Secker & Warburg, 1992, page 73.
9. Ibid., page 84. See also: Boorstin, Op. cit., page 196.
10. Furbank, Op. cit., page 87.
11. After many problems. See Ibid., page 92.
12. Norman Hampson, The Enlightenment, page 53.
13. Ibid., pages 53–54.
14. Alfred Ewert, The French Language, London: Faber & Faber, 1964, pages 1–2.
15. Ibid., pages 8–9.
16. M. K. Pope, From Latin to Modern French, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1952, page 49.
17. Ibid., pages 51 and 558.
18. Joachim du Bellay, The Defence and Illustration of the French Language, translated by Gladys M. Turquet, London: Dent, 1939, pages 26ff and 80ff.
19. Ewert, Op. cit., page 19. French was spoken in England, at the court, in Parliament, and in the law courts, from the twelfth century to the end of the thirteenth, though it remained a court language until the fifteenth century and was not displaced by English in the records of lawsuits until the eighteenth.
20. Arnold Hauser, The Social History of Art, volume 3, New York: Vintage/Knopf, n.d., page 52.
21. Q. D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public, London: Bellew, 1932/1965, page 83.
22. Ibid., pages 83–84 and William Chappell, Popular Music of the Olden Time, two volumes, London, 1855–1859.
23. Leavis, Op. cit., page 106; and see part 2, chapter 2, for the wide range of people who read Pilgrim’s Progress and Robinson Crusoe.
24. Hauser, Op. cit., page 53.
25. Ibid.
26. Leavis, Op. cit., pages 123 and 300.
27. Ibid., page 130. Other periodicals arrived as part of the same trend: the Gentleman’s Magazine was started in 1731, soon followed by the London Magazine, the Monthly Review in 1749, and the Critical Review in 1756.
28. Leavis, Op. cit., page 132.
29. Ibid., page 145.
30. Only Lucretius, with his early idea of evolution, can be said to have had an idea of progress.
31. Barnes, Op. cit., page 714.
32. Hampson, Op. cit., pages 80–82.
33. Roger Smith, The Fontana History of the Human Sciences, Op. cit., page 162.
34. Ibid., pages 158–159.
35. Ibid., page 162 and ref.
36. Alfred Cobban, In Search of Humanity: The Role of the Enlightenment in Modern History, London: Cape, 1960, page 69.
37. Boorstin, Op. cit., page 184.
38. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 175.
39. Ibid., page 192.
40. Ibid., page 196.
41. Ibid., page 197; see Cobban, Op. cit., page 38, for Leibniz’ reluctance to accept some of Newton’s ideas.
42. Israel, Radical Enlightenment, Op. cit., especially pages 552ff.
43. Ibid., pages 436–437.
44. Cobban, Op. cit., page 210.
45. Ibid., page 208.
46. Ibid., page 211. Physiognomy became a craze in the late eighteenth century but a more enduring legacy of Kant’s approach was the founding of two journals in 1783. These were the Zeitschrift für empirische Psychologie (Journal for Empirical Psychology) and the Magazin für Erfahrungseelenkunde (Magazine for Empirical Knowledge of the Soul). With close links to medicine and physiology, this was another stage towards the founding of modern psychology.
47. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 216.
48. Cobban, Op. cit., page 133.
49. L. G. Crocker, Nature and Culture: Ethical Thought in the French Enlightenment, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963, pages 479ff.
50. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 221.
51. J. O. de La Mettrie, Man a Machine, La Salle: Open Court, 1961, page 117. (Translated by G. C. Bussey.)
52. Dror Wahrman, The Making of the Modern Self: Identity and Culture in Eighteenth Century England, New Haven: Yale, 2004, pages 182–184.
53. Ibid., pages 275–286.
54. James Buchan, Capital of the Mind, London: John Murray, 2003, page 5.
55. Ibid., pages 1–2.
56. Ibid., pages 174–179. And also helped developed laws. Cobban, Op. cit., page 99.
57. R. A. Houston, Social Change in the Age of Enlightenment: Edinburgh 1660–1760, Oxford: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1994, page 80.
58. Ibid., pages 8–9.
59. Buchan, Op. cit., page 243.
60. He was little read in the nineteenth century: as James Buchan puts it, ‘it was in the dark twentieth . . . that Hume was crowned the king of British philosophers’. He was dismissed from his first job for correcting his master’s English. Buchan, Op. cit., page 76.
61. Ibid., page 247 and ref.