30. Brogan, Op. cit., page 93.
31. Commager, Op. cit., page 20.
32. Ibid., and Brogan, Op. cit., page 98.
33. Commager, Op. cit., page 21.
34. Wills, Op. cit., page 172.
35. Commager, Op. cit., page 23.
36. Ibid., page 24.
37. Greene, Op. cit., page 168; and John Ferling, A Leap in the Dark, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, page 256.
38. Commager, Op. cit., page 30.
39. Ibid.
40. Wills, Op. cit., page 45.
41. Commager, Op. cit., page 33.
42. Ibid., page 39.
43. Greene, Op. cit., pages 131–138.
44. Brogan, Op. cit., page 178; Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966, page 399.
45. Commager, Op. cit., page 41.
46. Ibid., page 94.
47. Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970, pages 159–160.
48. Wills, Op. cit., pages 136–137.
49. Commager, Op. cit., page 98.
50. Ibid., page 106.
51. Ibid., page 108.
52. Wills, Op. cit., page 129; and page 99, for the gadgets at Monticello.
53. Commager, Op. cit., page 114.
54. Peterson, Op. cit., page 160.
55. Commager, Op. cit., page 99.
56. Ibid., page 100.
57. Wills, Op. cit., page 287.
58. Commager, Op. cit., page 146.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., pages 149–150.
61. Ibid., page 151.
62. Ferling, Op. cit., page 315.
63. Commager, Op. cit., page 153.
64. Wills, Op. cit., page 6, for Pendleton, page 18, for Adams (whom John F. Kennedy features in his Profiles in Courage).
65. Morison et al., Op. cit., page 67; Brogan, Op. cit., pages 94–95.
66. Commager, Op. cit., page 173, quoting: Samuel Williams, Natural and Civil History of Vermont, 1794, pages 343–344.
67. Ibid., page 176.
68. For the sheer abundance in America, see Greene, Op. cit., page 99, and also for some aspects of marriage.
69. W. H. Auden, City Without Walls, London: Faber, 1969, page 58.
70. Commager, Op. cit., page 181.
71. Ibid., page 183.
72. Brogan, Op. cit., page 216.
73. Commager, Op. cit., page 187–188.
74. Ferling, Op. cit., page 26.
75. Commager, Op. cit., page 192.
76. Ibid., pages 192–193.
77. Ferling, Op. cit., page 150.
78. Commager, Op. cit., page 201.
79. Ibid., page 208.
80. For the effects of this thinking on Europe, see Greene, Op. cit., pages 131ff.
81. Ibid., page 177 for the background.
82. Ferling, Op. cit., page 298.
83. Commager, Op. cit., page 236.
84. Ibid., page 238.
85. Ferling, Op. cit., page 257.
86. Commager, Op. cit., pages 240–241.
87. Wills, Op. cit., page 249; Ferling, Op. cit., page 434.
88. Commager, Op. cit., page 245.
89. Tocqueville noted the difference between ‘dissolute’ French-speakers in New Orleans and the ‘pious’ French-Canadians.
90. André Jardin, Tocqueville, London: Peter Halban, 1988, page 149.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid., page 117. See also: James T. Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville’s ‘Democracy in America’, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1980, especially pages 62ff, 191ff, and 263ff.
93. Jardin, Op. cit., page 126.
94. Ibid., page 158; Brogan, Op. cit., page 319.
95. Jardin, Op. cit., page 114. An alternative view is that de Tocqueville thought equality the most important factor in America, but that the revolution had been of little importance in producing that spirit. He also famously said that the two great powers of the future would be America and Russia. See Wills, Op. cit., page 323.
96. Alexis de Tocqueville, Oeuvres Complètes (edited and selected by J. P. Mayer), Paris: Gallimard, 1951–, volume 1, page 236.
97. Jardin, Op. cit., page 162.
98. Brogan, Op. cit., page 75.
99. Jardin, Op. cit., page 208.
100. Ibid., page 216.
101. Parts of his argument, and some of his observations, were paradoxical or contradictory. He found life more private in America though at the same time he thought people were more envious of one another. The development of industry in America, he felt, would perhaps destroy the community spirit he so admired as it exacerbated the differences between people. See Jardin, Op. cit., page 263.
102. Wills, Op. cit., page 323.
CHAPTER 29: THE ORIENTAL RENAISSANCE
1. Donald F. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965, volume 1, book 1, page 152.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., page 153.
4. Ibid., page 155.
5. J. C. H. Aveling, The Jesuits, London: Blond & Briggs, 1981, page 157.
6. John W. O’Malley et al. (editors), The Jesuits: Culture, Science and the Arts, 1540–1773, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999, page 338, though this was also seen as a hindrance.
7. Ibid., page 247.
8. Lach, Op. cit., page 314.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., page 316; O’Malley et al. (editors), Op. cit., page 380.
11. The fundamental source is John Correia-Afonso SJ, Jesuit Letters and Indian History, Bombay, 1955.
12. Ibid., page 319. For the use of art works to overcome language barriers, see: Anna Jackson and Amin Jaffer (editors), Encounters: The meeting of Asia and Europe 1500–1800, London: V & A Publications, 2004, especially the chapter by Gauvin Bailey.
13. See O’Malley et al. (editors), Op. cit., pages 408ff for other Hindu customs reported by the Jesuits.
14. Lach, Op. cit., page 359.
15. Ibid., page 415.
16. There are scattered references throughout the letters to epidemics, coins, prices and the availability of certain foodstuffs. In general, politics were ignored, beyond personal descriptions of this or that ruler. Correia-Afonso, Op. cit., passim.