90. Schwab, Op. cit., page 213.
91. Ibid., page 220.
92. Ibid., page 219.
93. Rüdiger Safranski, Schopenhauer, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989, page 63.
94. Schwab, Op. cit., page 427.
95. Ibid.
96. Arthur Schopenhauer, The World As Will and Idea (translated by R. B. Haldane and J. Kemp), London: Trübner, three volumes, 1883–1886, volume 3, page 281.
97. Schwab, Op. cit., page 359.
98. Ibid., page 357.
99. Ibid., page 361.
100. Ibid.
101. Joanna Richardson, Victor Hugo, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976, pages 217ff.
102. Schwab, Op. cit., page 373.
103. Ibid., page 417.
104. Referred to in: Émile Carcassone, ‘Leconte de Lisle et la philosophie indienne’, Revue de litérature comparée, volume 11, 1931, pages 618–646.
105. Schwab, Op cit., page 431.
106. Michael D. Biddiss, The Father of Racist Ideology, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970, pages 175–176.
107. Schwab, Op. cit., page 438.
108. Richard Wagner, My Life, two volumes, New York: Dodds Mead, 1911, volume 2, page 638. Schwab has a whole chapter on Wagner’s Buddhism.
109. He also said that he ‘hated’ America. It was ‘a horrible nightmare’. Wilhelm Altman (editor and selector), Letters of Richard Wagner, London: Dent, 1927, volume 1, page 293.
110. Schwab, Op. cit., page 441.
111. Judith Gautier, Auprès de Richard Wagner, Paris: Mercure de France, 1943, page 229.
CHAPTER 30: THE GREAT REVERSAL OF VALUES – ROMANTICISM
1. Harold C. Schonberg, Lives of the Composers, London: Davis-Poynter/Macdonald Futura, 1970/1980, page 124.
2. See David Cairns, Berlioz, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1999, pages 263–278, passim, for Berlioz’s friendship with Hiller.
3. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 126.
4. Menuhin and Davis, The Music of Man, Op. cit., page 163.
5. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 126.
6. Jacques Barzun, Classical, Romantic, Modern, London: Secker & Warburg, 1962, page 5.
7. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 124.
8. Berlin, The Sense of Reality, London: Chatto & Windus, 1996. page 168.
9. Ibid., page 168.
10. Ibid., pages 168–169.
11. Ibid., page 168.
12. Ibid., page 169.
13. See Howard Mumford Jones, Revolution and Romanticism, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1974, page 368, for German nationalism in response to Napoleon. And see Gerald N. Izenberg, Impossible Individuality: Romanticism, Revolution and the Origins of Modern Selfhood, 1787–1802, Princeton, New Jersey, and London: Princeton University Press, 1992, pages 45–47 and 94 for the Berlin salons.
14. Berlin, Op. cit., page 170.
15. Ibid., page 171.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., page 173.
18. Ibid., page 175.
19. See Israel, Radical Enlightenment, Op. cit., page 668, for a view that Vico was a philosophical opponent of naturalism.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., page 666.
22. Ibid., pages 665 and 344.
23. Ibid., page 344.
24. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 242; see also Hawthorn, Enlightenment and Despair, Op. cit., pages 32–33.
25. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 337.
26. Berlin, Op. cit., page 176.
27. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 229.
28. Berlin, Op. cit., page 178.
29. Ibid., page 179.
30. Barzun, Op. cit., pages 135ff, for a discussion of the development of ideas about the will.
31. Berlin, Op. cit., page 179.
32. Hauser, A Social History of Art, Op. cit., volume 3, page 174.
33. Roger Smith, Op. cit., pages 346–347.
34. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 66.
35. Ibid.
36. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 347.
37. As Ortega y Gasset was to say later: ‘Man has no nature, what he has is his history.’ Ortega y Gasset, ‘History as a system’, in Philosophy and History, Essays Presented to Ernst Cassirer, edited by R. Klibonsky and J. H. Paton, 1936, page 313.
38. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 100.
39. Ibid.
40. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 350.
41. Berlin, Op. cit., page 179.
42. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 242, says that Fichte’s idea of the will may have been an early conception of the super-ego.
43. Berlin, Op. cit., page 180.
44. Ibid., pages 181–182; see also Hawthorn, Op. cit., pages 238–239.
45. Berlin, Op. cit., pages 182–183.
46. Ibid., page 183.
47. Mumford Jones, in his chapter on the romantic genius, Op. cit., page 274, says that it was part of the theory that one best helped society by realising oneself as completely as possible.
48. Berlin, Op. cit., pages 185–186.
49. Ibid., page 187.
50. Despite the nationalism of the Germans, romantics felt that heroes of other cultures might be nearer the ‘invisible nature’ that man shares with the creator. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 279.
51. Berlin, Op. cit., page 188.
52. Chapter XII of Mumford Jones’ Revolution and Romanticism, Op. cit., is entitled ‘The Romantic rebels’.
53. Hauser, Op. cit., page 166.
54. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 346.
55. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 274.
56. Hauser, Op. cit., page 192.
57. Ibid., page 188.
58. Ibid., page 208.
59. Izenberg, Op. cit., pages 142–143.
60. Ibid., page 144.
61. The phrase is Hauser’s, Op. cit., page 210.
62. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 288.
63. Hauser, Op. cit., page 212.
64. Ibid., pages 213–214.
65. Ibid., page 216.
66. Ibid., page 181.
67. In his discussion ‘Two concepts of individuality’, Gerald Izenberg explores the romantics’ view of the differences between males and females. Op. cit., pages 18–53.
68. For poetry as purification see Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: the Poet and the Age, volume 1, The Poetry of Desire, Oxford: The Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1991, pages 329–331.