52. Ibid., pages 73–79 and 90–91.
53. Lisanne Radice, Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Fabian Socialists, London: Macmillan, 1984, page 55.
54. Not everyone was in favour of the new approach. In Britain the new register of births, marriages and deaths was criticised on all sides. Counting births irritated the Church of England, which thought that not counting baptisms showed too much respect for Nonconformists; Unitarians thought it somehow disrespectful to God to count people who were going to join their maker; and many people thought the size of their family was in any case a private matter. M. T. Cullen, The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain, Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester, 1975, pages 29–30.
55. David Boyle, The Tyranny of Numbers, London: HarperCollins, 2000, pages 64–65.
56. Ibid., page 72.
57. Ibid., page 74.
58. Desrosières, Op. cit., pages 232ff.
CHAPTER 33: THE USES AND ABUSES OF NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM
1. Schulze, States, Nations and Nationalism, Op. cit., page 69.
2. Anthony Pagden, People and Empires, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001, page 89.
3. Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, London: Allen Lane/Penguin, 2003/2004, page 63. See also: Pagden, Op. cit., page 92.
4. Ibid., page 94.
5. Ibid., page 97.
6. Ibid., page 98. Ferguson, Op. cit., page 85, for the wealth of New Englanders.
7. The notion of ‘protection’, however, meant that the East India companies did need to involve themselves in politics. See Jürgen Osterhammel, Colonialism, Princeton, New Jersey, and London: Princeton University Press, 2003, page 32. See also: Ferguson, Op. cit., page 163.
8. Pagden, Op. cit., pages 100–101.
9. Jeremy Bernstein, Dawning of the Raj: The Life and Times of Warren Hastings, London: Aurum, 2001, pages 208ff. See also: Ferguson, Op. cit., page 38.
10. Pagden, Op. cit., page 104. Ferguson, Op. cit., pages xxiii and 260. David Armitage, in The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2002) says that Protestant arguments about property were important in the idea of Empire.
11. Seymour Drescher, in From Freedom to Slavery: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery, London: Macmillan, 1999, page 344, notes that Jews took little part in slavery.
12. Pagden, Op. cit., page 111.
13. Ibid., page 112.
14. Ibid., page 113. And see Moynahan, Op. cit., pages 537ff, for other papal bulls on slavery.
15. Pagden, Op. cit., page 114.
16. Lawrence James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire, London: Little Brown/Abacus, 1994/1998, page 185. Drescher, Op. cit., pages 69–71, for the anti-slavery campaign before and around Wilberforce.
17. Pagden, Op. cit., page 117.
18. Schulze, Op. cit., page 197.
19. Ibid., page 198.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., page 199.
22. Ibid., page 200.
23. Ibid., page 204.
24. Ibid., page 205.
25. Tony Smith, The Pattern of Imperialism, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1981, page 41, which explores the way the trades unions began to interfere in imperial ideology.
26. Friedrich Meinecke, Cosmopolitanism and the National State, translated by Robert B. Kimber, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1970, pages 25–26.
27. Ibid., page 136.
28. Michael Morton, Herder and the Poetics of Thought, Pittsburgh: Pennsylvania University Press, 1989, page 99.
29. Schulze, Op. cit., page 232.
30. Ibid., page 233.
31. Wolfgang J. Mommsen (editor), Imperialismus, Hamburg, 1977, page 371.
32. William J. Stead (editor), The Last Will and Testament of C. J. Rhodes, London: Review of Reviews Office, 1902, pages 57 and 97f. James, Op. cit., page 169.
33. Osterhammel, Op. cit., page 34.
34. Raoul Girardot, Le nationalisme français, 1871–1914, Paris, 1966, 179.
35. Schulze, Op. cit., page 237.
36. Fritz Stern, Einstein’s German World, Princeton, New Jersey, and London: Princeton University Press, 1999, page 3.
37. William R. Everdell, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, page 166.
38. William Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History 1848–1938, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1972/1983, page 183.
39. Gordon A. Craig, Germany: 1866–1945, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1978/1981, pages 39ff. Eva Kolinsky and Wilfried van der Will (editors), The Cambridge Companion to Modern German Culture, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1998, page 5.
40. Ibid., pages 43ff. Kolinsky and van der Will, Op. cit., page 21.
41. See, for instance: Giles Macdonogh, The Last Kaiser, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000/Phoenix, 2001, page 3. Kolinsky and van der Will, Op. cit., pages 22–23.
42. Craig, Op. cit., page 56. Kolinsky and van der Will, Op. cit., pages 4 and 50.
43. Ibid., 218.
44. Ibid., pages 218–219.
45. Schonberg, Lives of the Composers, Op. cit., pages 239ff.
46. Craig, Op. cit., page 218.
47. J. W. Burrow, The Crisis of Reason: European Thought, 1848–1914, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000, page 158.
48. They were destroyed in 1945 when the Nazis burned Immendorf castle, where they were stored during the Second World War.
49. Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson/New York: Knopf, 1980, pages 227–232.
50. Burrow, Op. cit., pages 137–138.
51. See Craig, Op. cit., page 188.
52. Burrow, Op. cit., page 188.
53. Pagden, Op. cit., page 147.
54. Ibid., page 148.
55. Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, Op. cit., page 171.
56. See Tony Smith, Op. cit., pages 63–65, for why Russia, at that point, could not have been a nation of the future.
57. Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea, Washington, DC, and Baltimore: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, page 292.
58. Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 193.