59. Ibid., page 196.
60. Hofstadter, Op. cit., page 5.
61. Ibid., pages 51–70.
62. Ibid., pages 143ff.
63. Hannaford, Op. cit., pages 291–292.
64. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 132.
65. Hannaford, Op. cit., pages 289–290.
66. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 185.
67. Ibid.
68. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 338.
69. Ibid.
70. Johnston, Op. cit., page 364.
71. Hawkins, Op. cit., pages 126–127.
72. Ibid., page 178.
73. Ibid., page 62.
74. Ibid., page 201.
75. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 330.
76. A. L. Macfie, Orientalism, London: Longman, 2002, page 179.
77. Ibid., page 180.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Tony Smith says that pre-British India was some 500 years behind Europe, economically speaking, when the British arrived. Macfie, Op. cit., page 75.
81. Ibid., page 181.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid., page 182.
84. Quoted in Ferguson, Op. cit., page 39. Bernstein, Op. cit., page 89, says that Nathaniel Halhed (aged twenty-three in 1771) was the first to point out the relation between Bengali and Sanskrit.
85. Hastings also funded several expeditions: Bernstein, Op. cit., pages 145ff.
86. Macfie, Op. cit., page 53.
87. See Tony Smith, Op. cit., page 74, for a discussion of what the British destroyed in India.
88. Macfie, Op. cit., page 56.
89. Ferguson, Op. cit., pages 365–371.
90. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, London and New York: Chatto & Windus/Vintage, 1993/1994, pages xiff.
91. Ibid., page xxiv.
92. Ibid., pages 8–12.
93. Ibid., page 85.
94. For some of the weaknesses in Said’s work, see: Valerie Kennedy, Edward Said: A Critical Introduction, Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 2000, pages 25 and 37. Said considers only novels: see Roger Benjamin, Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism and North Africa, 1880–1930, Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 2003, especially pages 129ff, for travelling scholarships for artists. And see: Philippe Jullian, The Orientalists: European Painters of Eastern Scenes, Oxford: Phaidon, 1977, who, in his chapter on the influence of artists, says they helped launch the ‘desolate East’ (page 39).
95. Said, Op. cit., page 75.
96. Ibid., page 102.
97. Ibid., page 104.
98. Ibid., page 108.
99. Edmund Wilson, ‘The Kipling that nobody read’, in The Wound and the Bow, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947, pages 100–103.
100. A different view was advanced by Noel Annan in his essay ‘Kipling’s place in the history of ideas’, where he presents the notion that Kipling’s vision of society was similar to the new sociologists – Durkheim, Weber and Pareto – who ‘saw society as a nexus of groups; and the pattern of behaviour which these groups unwittingly established, rather than men’s wills or anything so vague as a class, cultural or national tradition, primarily determined men’s actions. They asked how these groups promoted order or instability in society, whereas their predecessors had asked whether certain groups helped society to progress.’ Said, Op. cit., page 186 and Noel Annan, ‘Kipling’s place in the history of ideas’, Victorian Studies, volume 3, number 4, June 1960, page 323.
101. Said, Op. cit., page 187.
102. Ibid., page 196.
103. Redmond O’Hanlon, Joseph Conrad and Charles Darwin, Edinburgh: Salamander Press, 1984, page 17.
104. D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke, Joseph Conrad: Beyond Culture and Background, London: Macmillan, 1990, pages 15ff.
105. Kingsley Widner, ‘Joseph Conrad’, in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Detroit: Bruccoli Clark, volume 34, 1988, pages 43–82.
106. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood/Penguin, 1902/1995.
107. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., pages 88–91.
108. Conrad, Op. cit., page 20.
109. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., page 168.
110. Richard Curle, Joseph Conrad: A Study, London: Kegan Paul, French, Trübner, 1914.
111. In Occidentalism (London: Atlantic Books, 2004) Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit identify the opposite sentiment to Orientalism, ‘the hostile stereotypes of the western world that fuel the hatred at the heart of such movements as al Qaeda’. They root this variously in pan-Germanic movements of the nineteenth century, which affected national feeling in the Arab world and in Japan in the twentieth century, in Persian Manicheanism, and in the differences between the Catholic and Greek orthodox Churches, with the latter, in Russia, fuelling an anti-rationalistic mentality.
112. Melvyn Bragg, The Adventure of English, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2003, page 1.
113. Ibid., page 3. But see also Geoffrey Hughes, A History of English Words, Oxford: Blackwell, 2000, page 99.
114. Bragg, Op. cit., page 28.
115. Hughes, Op. cit., pages xvii–xviii, for a chronology of English; and see also: Barbara A. Fennell, A History of English, Oxford: Blackwell, 2001, pages 55–93.
116. Bragg, Op. cit., page 23.
117. Osterhammel, Op. cit., pages 103–104, for a discussion of how colonisers affect (and often destroy) the language of the colonised.
118. Bragg, Op. cit., page 52.
119. Ibid., page 58.
120. Ibid., page 52.
121. Ibid., page 67.
122. M. T. Clanchy, England and Its Rulers (second edition), Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
123. Not all conquerors impose their languages: See Osterhammel, Op. cit., page 95, for the different experiences of the Spanish and Dutch (in Indonesia) in this regard.
124. Bragg, Op. cit., page 85.
125. Ibid., page 101.
126. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 153–158.
127. Bragg, Op. cit., page 148.
128. Boorstin, The Americans: Op. cit., pages 275ff, for American ‘ways of talking’.
129. John Algeo (editor), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, volume VI, 2001, pages 92–93 and 163–168 passim. See also Bragg, Op. cit., page 169.
130. Bragg, Op. cit., page 178.
131. Boorstin, Op. cit., page 287, says another derivation may have come from Old Kinderhook, the nickname for Martin van Buren, in his presidential campaign. He was supported by Democratic OK Clubs in New York.