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in Confucianism ref 1

early ideas ref 1

enduring power ref 1

Enlightenment theories ref 1

and evolutionary theory ref 1

Galenic ref 1

in Hinduism ref 1, ref 2

immortal ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Indian concepts ref 1

in Judaism ref 1

in Neoplatonism ref 1

purification ref 1

replaced by mind ref 1

in Zoroastrianism ref 1

specialisation of occupations ref 1, ref 2

spirituality ref 1

sprezzatura ref 1

standardisation:

tools ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

weights and measures ref 1

state:

divine legitimation ref 1

modern ref 1, ref 2

secular legitimation ref 1, ref 2

statistics ref 1, ref 2

stoicism ref 1, ref 2

student guilds ref 1

studia humanitatis ref 1

studium generale ref 1

Sturm und Drang ref 1

syllabaries ref 1

symbolic behaviour ref 1

syncretism:

Christian ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Hindu ref 1

Islamic ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Renaissance ref 1

Thomist ref 1

synthesis of knowledge ref 1

systematic experimentation ref 1

systematic observation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Taoism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

taxes ref 1

techne ref 1

technological innovations:

American ref 1

in architecture ref 1, ref 2

in art ref 1, ref 2

baking/cooking units ref 1

Chinese ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

electricity ref 1

grinding stones ref 1

guillotine ref 1

hand tools ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

industry ref 1

magnifying lenses ref 1

music ref 1, ref 2

Native American ref 1

transportation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

telescope ref 1

Ten Commandments ref 1

terra-cotta ref 1

textiles ref 1

texts see also Classical texts

literary ref 1

recovery of pre-Classical ref 1

transmission of ancient ref 1

transmission of Arabic ref 1

textual criticism ref 1, ref 2

theatre ref 1, ref 2

thymos ref 1

time:

Ancient Greece ref 1

in ancient Near East ref 1

biblical ref 1

calendars ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Christianisation ref 1

consciousness of ref 1

geological ref 1, ref 2

Indian ref 1

as a linear process ref 1

modern conception ref 1

Renaissance concept ref 1

Roman ref 1

toleration ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Torah ref 1

towns ref 1, ref 2

trade: and exchange of ideas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

tragedy ref 1

transportation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Trinity ref 1, ref 2

trivium ref 1

twelfth-century renaissance ref 1, ref 2

universal men ref 1

universalism ref 1, ref 2

universities ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

American ref 1

in Britain ref 1

Cordova ref 1

dissenting academies ref 1

German reforms ref 1

India ref 1

lectures ref 1

Upanishads ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

urban elite ref 1

urban life ref 1

Uthmani ref 1

utilitarianism ref 1, ref 2

utilitas ref 1

utility ref 1

Vedanta ref 1, ref 2

Vedas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

villages ref 1, ref 2

virgin birth ref 1

Vulcanism ref 1, ref 2

Vulgate (Latin Bible) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Waldensianism ref 1

Warrington Academy ref 1

ways of knowing:

analytical methods ref 1

argument/dispute ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

deductive reasoning ref 1

divine inspiration ref 1

evidence ref 1

experiments ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

exploration of the world ref 1

observation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

reason ref 1

scientific method ref 1, ref 2

textual criticism ref 1

weapons ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

see also warfare

wen ref 1

wheel ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Wisdom of Amenope, The ref 1

women ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

working class ref 1

writing ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 see also alphabets; Artificial Memory Systems; scripts

beginnings ref 1illus., ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Chinese ref 1

Linear A and B ref 1, ref 2illus.

proto-writing ref 1, ref 2illus., ref 1

punctuation ref 1

runes ref 1

wu ref 1

yang ref 1, ref 2

yin ref 1, ref 2

yoga ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

Zealots ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

zero ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

zoology ref 1

Zoroastrianism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

About the Author

Peter Watson was educated at the Universities of Durham, London and Rome. He was deputy editor of New Society and has written for the Sunday Times, The Times, the Observer, the New York Times, Punch and the Spectator. He is the author of eighteen books and has presented several television programmes about the arts. Since 1998 he has been Research Associate at the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at the University of Cambridge.

BY PETER WATSON

Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

A Terrible Beauty: The People and Ideas that Shaped the Modern Mind

Wisdom and Strength: The Biography of a Renaissance Masterpiece

The Death of Hitler

Nureyev

From Manet to Manhattan: The Rise of the Modern Art Market

The Caravaggio Conspiracy

The Nazi’s Wife

Sotheby’s: The Inside Story

A PHOENIX EBOOK

First published in Great Britain in 2005 by Weidenfeld & Nicolson

First published in ebook in 2013 by Phoenix

The publisher has endeavoured to contact all copyright holders to obtain permission to reproduce the figures used in this book.

The moral right of Peter Watson to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published without a similar condition, including this condition, being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978 1 7802 2672 9

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