Kindi-Nizamiyah-Mu'tazilites-al-Ghazali-the foreign sciences v. the Qur'anic sciences- Cordova and Toledo-Ali ibn-Hazm-Ibn Khaldun-advances in botany-ibn Rushd-Averroes-the Toledo school of translators-Gundisalvi and Gerard of Cremona -the Almagest 13. Hindu Numerals, Sanskrit, Vedanta Gupta classicism-land charters (sasanas) as a literary form-the Allahabad inscription- Sanskrit and Prakrit-the Astadhyayi-Panini's Grammar-Kalidasa and Shakuntala-Hindu drama-Hindu iconography-the rock temples of Sanchi, Nalanda, Ellora and Orissa- Harsha Vardhana-Tantrism-the six schools of philosophy-Vedanta-Shankara-Advaita- Sulvasutras, Siddhantas and other forms of Hindu mathematics-Aryabhata and trigonometry-Brahmi characters-gelosia multiplication 14. China's Scholar-Elite, Lixue and the Culture of the Brush The Song renaissance-bone books-bamboo books-silk books-paper-'whirling books' and 'butterfly books'-woodblock printing-movable type in Korea-the etymology of the Chinese language-writing with a brush-printing and 'flying money'-coal mining-saddle and stirrup-gunpowder-porcelain-sailing junks and rudders-the compass-the competitive written examination-Chinese Buddhism-translations of the Buddhist classics-Zen Buddhism-the Neo-Confucian revival and the revolt against Buddhism-Zhu Xi and the five philosophers-lixue and the Great Learning-the Painting Academy and the imperial university-designed gardens-forensic medicine-archaeology-critical history-the novel PART THREE: THE GREAT HINGE OF HISTORY European Acceleration 15. The Idea of Europe Muslim views of European backwardness in the Middle Ages-theories as to why Europe drew ahead-Braudel (geography)-McCormick's medieval Europe-Abu-Lughod (the plague, politics, the East dropped behind)-Needham (China's class structure)-Western and Eastern Scholarship compared-North and Thomas (changes in agriculture, economics, market structure)-Southern (changes in Christianity)-Gratian's changes in law- Grosseteste promotes the experimental approach-Aquinas imagines the secular-Morris (the discovery of the individual) PART FOUR: AQUINAS TO JEFFERSON The Attack on Authority, the Idea of the Secular and the Birth of Modern Individualism 16. 'Half-way Between God and Man': the Techniques of Papal Thought-Control Henry IV at Canossa-Henry v. Gregory VII-the Investiture Struggle-medieval ideas of kingship-feudalism-the Benedictine order-monks as intercessors-Cluny-Gregorian reform-the cult of the Virgin-Franciscans and Dominicans-Christianitas-Peter Damian- Humbert of Silva Candida-Gregory VII-Dictatus papae-excommunication-the idea of the crusades-indulgences-the new piety-heretics-Waldensians-Joachim of Fiore-the Antichrist-Cathari, the Albigensian religion and crusade-Innocent III-inquisition-the Fourth Lateran Council and confession-the sacrament of marriage-the Curia and the College of Cardinals-Philip IV v. Boniface VIII-the Great Schism 17. The Spread of Learning and the Rise of Accuracy Abbot Suger and the innovations at St Denis-God is light-cathedral schools-Paris schools-how they differed from monasteries-Aristotle and the rediscovery of logic- Abelard-the seven liberal arts-trivium and quadrivium-the ban on Aristotle-the 'double truth' theory-studium generale-earliest universities-Salerno (medicine)-Bologna (law)- Paris (theology)-Oxford (mathematics, science)-the rise in quantification-measurement, counting, dating, punctuation, musical notation, double-entry book-keeping-the surge in literacy-the invention of printing-italic and roman type-edition sizes-spelling 18. The Arrival of the Secular: Capitalism, Humanism, Individualism The changing concept of the Renaissance-the role of the Black Death-why the Renaissance began in Italy-schooling in Italy-the crucial role of the abbaco schools-life in Renaissance Florence-the woollen industry, international trade, banking and the origins of capitalism-the marriage of aristocratic and bourgeois values-the change from ecclesiastical to secular patronage in the arts-the improved status of the artist-the rediscovery of classical antiquity and the emphasis on this life-Petrarch and the rediscovery of Plato-the aesthetic aristocracy-pagan values-Erasmus-humanism and the growth of religious tolerance-Vasari-secular art-the humanities in Florence 19. The Explosion of Imagination Bonfires of the Vanities-the invention of oil painting-perspective-greater realism- allegory-pagan mythology-universalism-universal men-pre-eminence of architecture- painting v. sculpture-Veronese before the Inquisition-opera-'imitation' in music- Willaert-Gabrieli-origins of the orchestra-rabab and lura-gittern-monacordys-Amati's viols and violins-madrigals-canzon francese-sonatas-concertos-sinfonia-recitativo- harmonic (vertical) music-Monteverdi and the Lament of Arianna-the oratorio-the explosion of London theatres-reasons for it-the Mermaid Tavern-the earliest plays-James Burbage-orators become actors-repertory-Shakespeare-King Lear and Falstaff-Don Quixote 20. The Mental Horizon of Christopher Columbus The Greeks discover the Atlantic-Pytheas and Ultima Thule-Alexander in the East- Eratosthenes and the circumference of the earth-Ptolemy-St Brendan-the Land of Promise-Vinland-John of Plano Carpinis-William of Rusbruck-Marco Polo and Kublai Khan-Ibn Battuta-mappae mundi-the monstrous races-T-O maps-Columbus' known reading-Henry the Navigator-the compass-portolan charts-magnetic north and true north-terra incognita-Mercator and 'waxing latitudes'-tillers and rudders-lead and line- pilot books-quadrants-almanacs-lateen- and square-rigged ships-the exploration of the west African coast-Vasco da Gama reaches India via the Cape of Good Hope-Columbus finds the Bahamas 21. The 'Indian' Mind: Ideas in the New World America unknown to the scriptures-reactions to Columbus' discoveries-explanations for the origin of the 'Indians'-early anthropology-the Spanish 'encomienda'-rationality of the Indians and their ability to receive the faith-descendants of Noah?-dimensions of New World peoples in 1492-customs and beliefs-food-sharing-tobacco-marriage-agriculture- longhouses-cannibalism-languages (different concepts of nouns and verbs)-different sense of self-different concepts of male and female-the very different economics of death- counting and time-writing and textiles-medical ideas-different ideas about art-effects of the New World on Old World thinking