22. History Heads North: the Intellectual Impact of Protestantism The sale of indulgences-Johann Tetzel-differences between northern and southern Catholicism-Martin Luther-nails his theses to Wittenberg church-the Knights' War-the Peasants' Revolt-Anabaptists-German character of the Reformation-Calvin-Puritan ethic-sack of Rome-book censorship and the Index-the Tyndale affair-Council of Trent- Loyola and the Jesuits-Jesuits in the East-varieties of Protestantism-the cult of the sermon-Protestantism's effects on literacy, discipline and marriage-Counter-Reformation art-the Baroque style-Bernini 23. The Genius of the Experiment Was there a scientific revolution?-why the Muslims and Chinese never developed modern science-understanding the heavens as the most important aim of science-Copernicus- Brahe-Kepler-elliptical orbits-Galileo-the telescope-Newton-decimals-logarithms and the calculus-Leibniz-Principia Mathematica-gravity-optics-speed of light-Vesalius- Harvey-Kircher, Leeuwenhoek and microscopic life-Bacon and the philosophy of science- Descartes' method-the Royal Society and the experiment-universities and science-the rise of scientific instrumentation 24. Liberty , Property and Community: Origins of Conservatism and Liberalism The rise of the nation-state-absolute monarchy-Machiavelli-The Prince-Mariana and Suarez-Bodin-Hobbes-Leviathan-Locke-Two Treatises of Government-Spinoza- Tractatus Theologico-Politicus-Vico-Scienza Nuova-the invention of 'the public' 25. The 'Atheist Scare' and the Advent of Doubt The effect of Copernicus' discovery on belief-vernacular translations of the Bible- discrepancies revealed-atheism in Greece, Rome and medieval Europe-the alternative tradition of unbelievers-Montaigne and the secular world-Galileo and the moons of Jupiter-four stages of doubt-rationalistic supernaturalism-deism-scepticism-atheism-the attack on miracles-second thoughts on the soul-the attack on Jesus-the attack on prophecy-Hobbes-Hume-Bayle-Vanini the first modern atheist-the attack on the Old Testament-the attack on Genesis-the attack on biblical chronology 26. From Soul to Mind: the Search for the Laws of Human Nature Voltaire in England-Diderot and the Encyclopedie-formation of the French language-rise of reading-rise of middle-class taste-rise of periodical publishing-nature's harmony = God's benevolence-the soul reconceived as mind-Locke, language and psychology-'neurosis'-new ideas about the self-Edinburgh-Hume-Ferguson, Robert Adam and civil society-the idea of the economy-Colbert-Petty-cameralistics-Adam Smith- The Wealth of Nations-commercial society-Malthus-Bentham-Linnaeus-Rousseau- Montesquieu-the idea of progress-ancients v. moderns-Condorcet-Godwin-Kant-Hegel- Saint-Simon-Comte 27. The Idea of the Factory and Its Consequences Hard Times-the first Derbyshire factories-spinning machines-child labour-the steam engine-Watt and Boulton-iron technology-the agricultural revolution-changes in organisation-cotton industry transformed-the factory city and the change in the experience of work-gap between rich and poor-advances in electricity-advances in chemistry-oxygen-Dalton's atomic theory-crystallography-Lavoisier-Warrington Academy and the Lunar Society of Birmingham-Priestley and Wedgwood-the making of the working class-Smith, Ricardo, Malthus and Bentham-Robert Owen-the Hungry Forties-Engels-Marx-Capital-alienation-the Great Divergence-the hundred years peace 28. The Invention of America American treasure and the rise of capitalism-the great frontier-Philadelphia, America's capital of the mind-the first artists, the first doctors, the first philosophers in America- Franklin-Rush-'the American Homer'-Paine-Jefferson-Notes on Virginia-America compared with Europe-the Indian problem-democracy-the federal constitution-the role of law-law as America's first literature-federalism-de Tocqueville visits America PART FIVE: VICO TO FREUD Parallel Truths: The Modern Incoherence 29. The Oriental Renaissance Portuguese secrecy over the New World-Jesuit-Hindu relations-China's 'Society of Renewal'-Chinamania-Muslim uninterest in the West-theories of Muslim backwardness- William Jones and the Bengal Asiatic Society-link between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin- hieroglyphics deciphered-Shakuntala in the West-Schlegel, Bopp and von Humboldt- Schelling-Schopenhauer and Buddhism-poetry as the mother tongue-Western writers influenced by the East-the Aryan myth-Goethe, Hugo, Flaubert-Wagner's Buddhism 30. The Great Reversal of Values-Romanticism Romanticism: the third turning-point in history-Vico's vision-Herzen-the will-Goethe and Herder-Fichte and the self-the reversal of values-the artist as outsider-Sturm und Drang- Byron, Coleridge, Wordsworth-the romantic 'moi'-the second self-Turner and Delacroix- Beethoven-Schubert-the conductor-the piano-the first great virtuosi-Weber-Berlioz- Schumann-Chopin-Liszt-Mendelssohn-Verdi-Falstaff-Wagner-The Ring 31. The Rise of History, Pre-history and Deep Time Napoleon in Egypt-the beginnings of archaeology in the West-Humboldt's education reforms in Germany-the PhD-Hegel and the rise of history-philology-textual criticism of the Bible-Schleiermacher-David Strauss' Life of Jesus-cuneiform deciphered- Neanderthal man identified-birth of geology-Neptunists v. Vulcanists-geology and Genesis-Palaeozoic identified-Lyell's Principles of Geology-uniformitarianism-Vestiges of Creation-the ice age-Lamarck-Wallace-Darwin-Mendel-Descent of Man-the three-age system-Palaeolithic and Neolithic 32. New Ideas About Human Order: the Origins of Social Science and Statistics Guillotin and the guillotine-the legacy of the French Revolution-the revolution in measurement-'l'art social'-abbe Sieyes-Condorcet-Saint-Simon and the positive sciences- the industrial cities of England-child labour and disease-Comte-Herbert Spencer-Marx- Weber-Tonnies-Simmel-Durkheim-Suicide-anomie-sociological medicine-epidemiology and statistics-urbanisation and the census-Quetelet-Laplace-Legendre-Gauss-Pearson- l'homme moyen/average man-Chadwick and 'cause of death' 33. The Uses and Abuses of Nationalism and Imperialism Britain's first empire-her second-the impeachment of Warren Hastings-modern slavery- the slave trade-the Vatican's view of slavery-racism and slavery-Wilberforce-Congress of Vienna-'Germanophiles'-cultural nationalism-patriotic regeneration-the nineteenth-century surge in German creativity-the concept of 'Innerlichkeit'-Klimt, Lagarde and