planko-sulo - floor, salono - parlour/ sitting room
tekto - roof, teraso - terrace, vestibulo - hall
La Homala Korpo - The Human Body
head - kapo, hair (single strand) - haro, hair (collective) - hararo
forehead - fronto, eye - okulo, eyebrow - brovo, ear - orelo, noze - nazo
cheek - vango, beard - barbo, lip - labio, moustache - labio-barbo [LA-byo-BARR-bo]
mouth - boko, tooth - dento, tongue - lango, neck - kolo, shoulder - shultro, chest - pektoro, back - dorso breast - mamo, belly - ventro, waist - tayo, hip - hancho muscle - muskulo, bone - osto, skin - pelo
arm - brakio, upper arm - dopa-brakio [DO-pa-BRA-kyo], elbow - kudo
forearm - avana-brakio [a-VA-na-BRA-kyo], wrist - karpo, hand - manuo
thumb - polexo, finger - fingro
leg - gambo, thigh - kruro, knee - genuo, shin - tibio, calf - suro ankle - pedo-kolo, foot - pedo, heel - talono, sole - plando, big toe - haluxo, toe - ped-fingro
Lesson 10- Dekesma Leciono Possessive Pronouns
Possesive pronouns are the same as the personal pronouns, except that the adjectival ending -A is added. (See also note below).
mea - my/mine : tua - thy/thine : vua - your/yours (belonging to one person)
lua - his/her/hers/its
When necessary use: ilua - his : elua - her/hers : olua - its
sua - his own/her own/its own/their own
nia - our/ours : via - your/yours (more than one person)
lia - their/theirs
When necessary use:
ilia - their (male)
elia - their (female)
olia - their (neutral things)
Note that "me" gives "mea", "tu" gives "tua", but "il", "el", "ol" give "ilua", "elua", "olua".
This is because the full forms for he, she, it are "ilu", "elu", "olu". "Il", "el", "ol" are convenient short forms.
Me vizitis mea dentisto -1 went to see my dentist.
Ilu vizitis lua (sua) matro - He visited his (his own) mother.
Elu perdis ilua parapluvo - She lost his umbrella.
Li admiris sua chapeli - They admired their (own) hats.
Ili admiris elia chapeli - They (the men) admired their (the women's) hats.
A possessive pronoun always implies the definite article; thus "mea amiko" is "my friend", "the friend I spoke of", while "a friend of mine" is translated "amiko di me".
Conditional Mood
The conditional mood is formed with the verb ending -US:
Me venus, ma me ne havas biciklo. -1 would come, but I haven't got a bike.
Ilu manjus - He would eat
Elu drinkus - She would drink.
The verb ending -US means "would", but take care not to confuse two different English tenses using the same construction:
When I was young, I would swim in the river.
Here "would swim" is used instead of'used to swim" or "swam", and is therefore really the past tense:
Kande me esis yuna, me natis en la rivero.
As the name "conditional mood" suggests, there is a condition in this tense, I would run if..., I would sing, but... This type of construction requires the conditional mood -US ending.
Vortaro
alonge - along altra - other balde - soon balnar - to bathe desegnar - to draw filiino - daughter finar - to finish imajo - picture komencar - to begin lavar - to wash nazo - noze paketo - package
obliviar [ob-li-VYARR] - to
forget
perdar [perr-DARR] - to lose
repozar - to rest
ruptar - to break
sendar - to send
spegulo - mirror
servar[serr-VARR] - to serve
tro - too
voyo - road/way
Note: povar - to be able, povus - could (would be able).
Exempli
I would begin the work. - Me komencus la laboro.
She would lose the money. - Elu perdus la pekunio.
He would break the mirror. - Ilu ruptus la spegulo.
Their aunt would forget it. - Lia onklino oblivius ol.
Its nose would be too small. - Olua nazo esus tro mikra.
They would finish the drinks. - Li finus la drinkaji.
I would come soon, if I could. - Me venus balde, se me povus.
You would draw another picture. - Vu desegnus altra imajo.
I would not serve another lady. - Me ne servus altra damo.
The mouse would eat the bananas. - La muso manjus la banani.
The man would win too many cards. - La viro ganus tro multa karti.
The mother would send her daughter. - La matro sendus sua filiino.
I would forget to go along the road. - Me oblivius irar alonge la voyo.
If I could, I would buy another house. - Se me povus, me komprus altra domo.
The clerk would begin to work ifhe could. - La klerko komencus laborar se ilu povus.
Mary would rest, but she does not have the time. - Mary repozus, ma elu ne havas la tempo.
Her daughter would go, but the road is too long. - Elua filiino irus, ma la voyo esas/es tro longa.
You would bathe in the river, but it is too cold. - Vu balnus en la rivero, ma esas/es tro kolda.
I would wash the dog, but I haven't got the time. - Me lavus la hundo, ma me ne havas la tempo.
They would send the package, but John has lost it. - Li sendus la paketo, ma John perdis ol.
Comparison of Adjectives
In English there are two different systems for comparing adjectives:
big - bigger - biggest
beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful
Ido has only one method of comparison which is equivalent to the English in the second example above. Instead of "bigger" Ido says "more big" (plu granda), instead of"prettiest", "most pretty" (maxim beleta) and so on. So the above examples would be:
granda - plu granda - maxim granda
bela - plu bela - maxim bela
Relational comparisons of adjectives use these constructs: plu . . . kam - more . . . than min . . . kam - less . . . than tam . . . kam - as ...as ne tam . . . kam - not so...as maxim ...de - most ...of minim ...de - least ...of tre - very Examples:
El esas PLU granda KAM me. - She is taller than I (am).
Me esas TAM richa KAM ilu. -1 am as rich as he (is).
Ol esas la MAXIM bela de omni. - It is the finest of all.
Il esas TRE brava. - He is very brave.
Me preferas ico KAM ito. - I prefer this to that.
Translate "as good as possible" and similar phrases thus: maxim bona posible.
Here are some more examples:
Me esas/es leda. -Iam ugly.
Ilu esas/es tam leda kam me. - He is as ugly as me.
Elu esas/es plu leda kam vu. - She is more ugly (uglier) than you.
Elu esas/es la maxim leda. - She is the most ugly (ugliest).
Note that KAM means both AS and THAN: KAM is used in making comparisons, even where English does not use "than".
Since adverbs of manner are formed from adjectives by changing -A into -E (bona - good : bone - well, fina - finaclass="underline" fine - finally), they are compared like adjectives: Ilu lektas plu bone - He reads better.
Vortaro
alta - high chipa - cheap danjeroza - dangerous fresha - fresh inteligenta - intelligent interesanta - interesting kontenta - contented kurta - short larja - wide leda - ugly
mola - soft
povra - poor
plena (de) - full (of)
pura - pure
quieta - quiet
simpla - simple
stupida - stupid
vakua [VA-kwa] - empty
Exempli