-in-: signifies an individual of the female sex : frat-o, brother or sister; frat-ino, sister; spoz-ino, wife; bov-ino, cow.
-ind-: with verbal roots, creates adjectives which signify: deserving to
be, worthy of, meriting: laud-ar, to praise; laud-inda, praiseworthy, laudable; respekt-inda, respectable, deserving of respect.
Note : This suffix clearly differs from -end- : libro lekt-inda, a book worth reading; libro lekt-enda, a book which must be read ; Carthago destrukt-inda, Carthage is worthy of destruction; Carthage destrukt-enda, Carthage must be destroyed. The first indicates an opinion, the second, an intention, a resolution.
-ism-: denotes a system, doctrine, cult: social-ismo, socialism; imperial-ismo, imperialism; Katolik-ismo, Catholicism.
-ist-: denotes a person engaged permanently in some occupation, profession: botanik-isto, botanist; pord-isto, doorkeeper; dent- isto, dentist; kant-isto, a professional singer; (cf. -er-). By extension, -ista, -isto refers to the adherent of a party, system, doctrine: social-isto, socialist.
Note: A merchant may be distinguished from a producer by using xxx-vend-isto for the former and xxx-if-isto for the latter: mobl-o, furniture; moblo-vend-isto, a dealer in furniture; mobl- if-isto, a furniture maker.
-iv-: added to verbal roots; has essentially an active signification: capable of, that can (do): instrukt-ar, to instruct; instrukt-iva, instructive; suggest-ar, to suggest; sugest-iva, suggestive; konvink-ar, to convince; konvink-iva, convincing. The substantive of this suffix is particularly useful in technical terms: atrakt-ar, to attract; atrakt-iva, -ivo, attractive; nutrar, to nourish; nutr-iva, -ivo, nutritive ; kondukt-iv-eso, conductibility. Note: This suffix differs from -anta in that -iva denotes a permanent state, -anta, a temporary condition. -iva signifies what has naturally and essentially the basic property indicated by the verbal root. For example, a substance which accidentally causes purging is not necessarily a purgative by nature (purg-iv-a, -o), but only purg-anta for the time being. A text-book can be said to be instrukt-iva even though no one studies it, but it cannot be said to be instrukt-anta unless someone is reading it.
-iz-: added especially to substantive roots to form transitive verbs signifying: to cover with, supply with, furnish with, provide with, ornament with: oro, gold; or-izar, to cover (something) with gold, to gold-plate; arm-o, weapon, arm; arm-izar, to arm, (to weaponize); kron-o, a crown; kron-izar, to crown
(somebody).
Note: The comparative use of -ifar, -igar, -izar, -eskar, may be seen in the following examples : burjon-o, a bud; burjon-ifar = to produce buds, to bud; burjon-izar = to cover something with buds; burjon-igar = to cause something to bud; burjon-eskar = to become a bud. sal-o, salt; sal-ifar, to produce salt. We salt (sal- izas), or butter (butr-izas) our bread to give it the proper taste, and we salt (sal-izas, put salt on) our fish to preserve them. From the intransitive verb sid-ar, be seated, we derive the transitive verb sid-igar, to seat, cause some one to sit down, and sid-eskar, to take one's seat, (start) to sit down. The suffixes -izar, -igar have a transitive sense; -eskar has an intransitive sense.
-oz-: defines adjectives denoting: full of, containing, ornamented with, having in itself: por-o, a pore; por-oza, porous; por-oz-eso, porosity (state); kuraj-o, the courage; kuraj-oza, courageous; joy- o, the joy; joy-oza, joyous.
Note : The difference between -a and -oza: aqua voyo, a waterway, (a way which is water, as a canal), aqu-oza voyo, a road full of water (puddles, etc.); (cf. note under -al-).
-ul-: denotes the male sex: patr-ulo, father; spoz-ulo, husband; kaval- ulo, stallion; kat-ulo, tomcat. (cf. -in-). Note : This suffix is sometimes omitted for euphony when the sex of the substantive is made clear by the context. For example, abad-ulo (a monk) may be shortened to abado in a text where there is no mistaking in the meaning. Strictly speaking, however, abado carries with it no sex distinction.
-um-: is used with a few roots to form derivative meanings which the other suffixes cannot logically express. It is analogous to the use of ye among the prepositions. Meanings must be looked up in the dictionary. It is not to be used arbitrarily, but only for derivatives authorized by the Idist Academy. Examples: kolo, a neck; kol-umo, collar; kruco, a cross; kruc-um-ar, to cross (roads, etc.); folio, a leaf, a page; foli-um-ar, to turn the leaves of (a book, etc.); formik-o, an ant; formik-umar, to swarm, to team.
-un-: sometimes used as a suffix to denote one individual unit of a substance which naturally consists of many such units. sabl-o, sand; sabl-uno, a grain of sand; grel-o, hail; grel-uno, a hailstone. Note : grano, a grain, is preferable to -uno in expressing one individual unit of corn; rye, wheat: sekal-o, rye; sekal-grano,
grain of rye. Maiz-o, corn; maizo-grano, grain of corn; frument- o, wheat; frumento-grano, a grain of wheat. When a substance has no natural units, -uno is not appropriate and instead of it use words like peco (a piece), floko (a flake), parto, (a part), parteto (a small part), etc.: nivo- floko, a snow flake, sukro-peco, piece of sugar. (Talmey, Text Book, p. 50)
-ur-: joined to verbal roots to distinguish the result, or product of an act, from the act itself: pikt-uro, a picture (as distinguished from the act of painting, pikt-o, -ado); imprim-uro, the print (imprim-ado indicates only the act of printing); apert-ar, to open; apert-uro, an opening; fend-ar, to split; fend-uro, a split, (the result of splitting).
Note: In many cases there is no real distinction between the act and its result, therefore the termination in -o is sufficient in those cases: la abandono di navo, the abandonment of a ship (abandonar = to abandon, navo = ship). Sometimes this signification can as well, or even better, be expressed by using -aj- : dic-ar, to say; dic-ajo, what is said or was said; donac-ar, to give a gift, to donate; donac-o, the act of donating a gift; donac- ajo, what is given, a gift (cf. donac-ata, donac-ita). There exists, however, many cases where the result or product of the act is not identical with the passive object of the act and therefore -uro must be used: imit-ar, to imitate; imit-ajo is the thing imitated (the passive object of the act, cf. imit-ata, imit-ita); imit-uro is then the imitation made from the object imitated (it is the product of the act); kopi-ar, to copy; kopi-uro, the copy, is made from the kopi-ajo, the original object copied; traduk-ar = to translate; traduk-uro, a translation, is certainly different from traduk-ajo, which is the text from which it was translated. -ajo indicates either something possessing the property given by the original root (mol-a, soft; mol-ajo: something soft; bel-ajo: something beautiful, cf. note under -aj-) or refers to something existing prior to the act (as manj-ajo: food). -ur- implies the production of something which, until the act, had no existence, as imprim-uro: the printed text (imprim-ajo would refer to the text used to make the imprint).
-uy-: with nominal roots denotes a receptacle (ordinarily a case,
sheath, box, chest): monet-o, money; monet-uyo, a purse; ink- uyo, an inkwell; sup-uyo, a soup tureen; violin-uyo, a violin case; sigar-uyo, a cigar-box (not a cigar-holder, which is: sigar- iero; cf. note under -iero).