Put the pencil on the chair! - Pozez la krayono adsur la stulo!
Animals
Note that the following can be made in the following lesson.
anado - duck bovo - cow or bull cervo - deer elefanto - elephant gorilo - gorilla
hano - chicken, hen or rooster
hundo - dog
kamelo - camel
kato - cat
kapro - goat
kavalo - horse either male or female. Distinction
krokodilo - crocodile leopardo - leopard leono - lion muso - mouse mutono - sheep porko - pig tigro - tiger
simio [SI-myo] - monkey urso - bear volfo - wolf
Lesson 04 - Quaresma Leciono Vortifado - Word Building
Lesson 02 introduced the concept of derivations. New words in Ido are created from roots (basic words) by adding an affix (word part) with a specific function. "Affix" is the genral term for an attachable word part. A "prefix" attaches to the front of a word, an "infix" attaches inside a word, and a "suffix" attaches to the end of a word. The logical use of affixes enables you to make your vocabulary much wider with very little effort. For instance, the root "yun-" has the sense of "youth, so "yuno" with the suffix (part added on the end of a word) -O is a noun that means a "youth" or "young person", and "yuna" with the suffix -A is an adjective meaning "youthful" or "young".
The question of gender is handled in Ido with an infix. The addition of -UL- into the word makes any person or animal into a male: katulo (from "kato") - tomcat, hundulo (from "hundo") - a male dog, etc. The female equivalent is -IN-: yunino (girl), katino (she-cat), hundino (she- dog, bitch), and so on.
-IN- (female) : yunino (girl), kavalino (mare), hanino (hen).
-UL- (male) : yunulo (boy), kavalulo (stallion), hanulo (cock).
More examples:
filio - child, filiulo - son, filiino - daughter,
kuzo - cousin, kuzulo - male cousin, kuzino - female cousin,
sekretario - secretary, sekretariulo - man secretary, sekretariino - woman secretary,
doktoro - doctor, doktorulo - man doctor, doktorino - woman doctor
When necessary, the prefix GE- marks common gender (both sexes together): geavi - grandparents, gefilii - children or sons and daughters. But "parents", however, is "genitori", not "gepatri".
Gender is usually left unmarked in Ido, as is often the case in English. Only use -UL- and -IN- when you want to make the sex of a person or animal clear, when it really matters to the meaning of the communication. Don't use these affixes unnecessarily.
The Appendixes of this book have complete lists of affixes for your ready reference.
Vortaro
avan - in front of mediko - doctor
butiko - shop musino - mouse (female)
che - in/at/to (house or business of) musulo - mouse (male)
dentisto - dentist nur - only
familio [fa-MI-lyo] - family preferas - prefers
frukto - fruit staciono - station
karno [KARR-no] - meat ruro [RU-rro] - country(side)
karno-vendisto - butcher spozino - wife
hundulo - dog (male) spozulo - husband
katino - cat (female) urbo [URR-bo] - town
kavalino - horse (female) vendas - sells
kavalulo - horse (male) vendisto - seller
kirko [KIRR-ko] - church yunino - girl
ma - but yunulo - boy/ a youth
Exempli
Mary is a girl. - Mary esas/es yunino. Charles is a boy. - Charles esas/es yunulo. He has a male dog. - Ilu havas hundulo. An apple is a fruit. - Pomo esas/es frukto. I am only buying a female cat. - Me nur kompras katino. I often go to the town. - Me ofte iras a la urbo. I often go to the dentist's. - Me ofte iras che la dentisto. The butcher sells meat. - La karno-vendisto vendas karno. Alan is at the doctor's. - Alan esas/es che la mediko.
I don't buy it at the doctor's. - Me ne kompras olu che la mediko.
Your husband is called Jack. - Vua spozulo nomesas Jack.
My wife is going to the shops. - Mea spozino iras a la butiki.
Today Lesley is going to the shops. - Hodie Lesley iras a la butiki.
She is buying meat for the family. - Elu kompras karno por la familio.
The mare is not in the country. - La kavalino ne esas/es en la ruro.
He is selling the stallion in the town. - Ilu vendas la kavalulo en la urbo.
Paul likes meat, but Roger prefers fish. - Paul prizas karno, ma Roger preferas fisho.
I do not buy my fish at the greengrocer's. - Me ne kompras mea fisho che la frukto-vendisto.
The church is in the town in front of the station. - La kirko esas/es en la urbo avan la staciono.
I am buying a white female mouse and a brown male mouse for you. - Me kompras blanka musino e bruna musulo por vu.
Possession, "di"
In English there are 2 different ways of showing that somebody owns something. For example, ifRoger owns a book we can refer to the book either as "Roger's book" or "the book ofRoger"; or if my wife has a cat I can refer to it either as "my wife's cat" or "the cat of my wife".
But in Ido there is only one way of showing possession: use "di" for "of", so that "Peter's book" can only be translated as "the book of Peter", and becomes "la libro di Peter"; "my wife's cat (the cat of my wife)" becomes "la kato di mea spozino".
Exempli
Mary's dog. - La hundo di Mary. Peter's house. - La domo di Peter. The girl's cat. - La kato di la yunino. The cat's meat. - La karno di la kato. The dog's meat. - La karno di la hundo. Tha cat of Mary. - La kato di Mary. The book of Mary. - La libro di Mary. My husband's cup. - La taso di mea spozulo. The boys' family. - La familio di la yunuli. The family's food. - La manjajo di la familio. The dog of the boy. - La hundo di la yunulo. The doctor's family. - La familio di la mediko. The teacher's house. - La domo di la instruktisto. The girls of this school. - La yunini di ca skolo. The cat ofPhilip. Philip's cat. - La kato di Philip.
Quantity, "de"
English uses another sense for "of", not really possession but showing quantity from an origin or source. For example, a cup of coffee is a quantity of coffee (not a cup belonging to coffee), a stock ofbooks is a quantity ofbooks (not a stock belonging to books). Ido uses "de" for "of" in phrases dealing with this type of quantity, so that "a stock of books" is "stoko de libri", and "a cup of coffee" is "taso de kafeo". Be very careful not to confuse "de" with "di".
Exempli
Mary's flowers -la flori di Mary a box of apples - buxo de pomi
a cup of coffee - taso de kafeo, a cup of tea. - taso de teo
a glass of milk - glaso de lakto
a glass of water - glaso de aquo
a bottle of wine - botelo de vino
a bottle of milk - botelo de lakto
a family of doctors - familio de mediki
The dentist's cups of coffee - La tasi de kafeo di la dentisti
Vortaro
adube - to where askoltas - listens to atraktiva - attractive biro - beer bone - well (adverb) botelo - bottle de - of (quantity) di - of (possession) instruktas - teaches
instruktisto - teacher
skolo - school
teo - tea
vino - wine
ca - this (adjective)
li - they (plural of ilu, elu, olu)
do - then/so
Exempli
They teach well. - Li instruktas bone.
She is looking at a boy. - Elu regardas yunulo.
She is looking at a bottle. - Elu regardas botelo.
They are very bad children. - Li esas/es tre mala yuni.