14.Matthias Schepp, “Anarchy in Dagestan: Islamists Gain Upper Hand in Russian Republic,” Der Spiegel, July 30, 2010, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,709176,00.html.
15.Ibid.
16.“Sotseologi: 30 percent Molodezhi Dagestana Khotyat Zhite v Religioznom Gosudarstve [Sociologists: 30 Percent of Dagestan’s Youth Wants to Live under a Religious Government],” Regnum, January 11, 2011, http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1363203.html.
17.Nichol, Stability in Russia’s Chechnya and Other Regions of the North Caucasus: Recent Developments(Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, January 27, 2010), 13, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34613_20100127.pdf.
18.Author’s interviews, Kazan, Russia, December 2010.
19.Rafael Khakim, Ternistuy Put k Svobode[The Thorny Path to Freedom] (Kazan: Tatarstan Book Press, 2007).
20.Yana Amelina, “Djihad v Tatarstane [Jihad in Tatarstan],” Zvezda Povolzhya(Kazan), December 2, 2010.
21.“Alleged Islamic Extremists Detained in Bashkortostan,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 8, 2011, http://www.rferl.org/content/bashkortostan_islamists/2301430.html.
22.Hahn, Russia’s Islamic Threat(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 213–214.
23.“Hizb ut-Tahrir,” American Foreign Policy Council, World Almanac of Islamism, July 14, 2011, http://almanac.afpc.org/hizb-ut-tahrir.
24.Shiv Malik, “The Conveyor Belt of Extremism,” New Statesman, July 18, 2005, http://www.militantislammonitor.org/article/id/803.
25.See, for example, Ivan Gladilin, “Tatarstan Prevrashayetsa v Odnu iz Gorachikh Tochek Rossii [Tatarstan is becoming one of Russia’s flashpoints],” km.ru, December 26, 2012, http://www.km.ru/v-rossii/2012/12/26/prava-i-tsennostirusskogo-naseleniya-rossii/700628-tatarstan-prevrashchaetsya-v; see also “Russia Eliminates Terrorist Cell in West Siberia,” RIA Novosti, May 14, 2010, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100514/159013389.html.
26.Andrew Roth, “Two Muslim Officials Attacked In Southern Russia,” New York Times, July 19, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/world/europe/two-muslim-officials-attacked-in-tatarstan-russia.html?_r=0.
27.Lyudmila Alexandrova, “Tatarstan’s Mufti And His Deputy Paid A Price For Their Anti-Wahhabi Efforts,” Itar-TASS, July 20, 2012, http://pda.itar-tass.com/en/c39/477517.html.
28.Ranis Islamov, “Ufa Zamedlennogo Deistviya [Ufa in Slow Motion],” Russkiy Reportyor(Moscow), July 26, 2010, http://www.rusrep.ru/2010/28/baskiriya/.
29.See, for example, “Alleged Islamic Extremists Detained in Bashkortostan,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 8, 2011, http://www.rferl.org/content/bashkortostan_islamists/2301430.html.
30.Paul Goble, “Bashkortostan Becomes Newest Russian ‘Hot Spot,’” Jamestown Foundation, Eurasia Daily Monitor9, no. 225 (December 10, 2012): http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[swords]=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews[any_of_the_words]=reidar%20visser&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=40225&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=625ca4bf7a7d3d287e33b6099bd8e165.
31.See, for example, Amelina, “Djihad v Tatarstane [Jihad in Tatarstan],” Zvezda Povolzhya(Kazan), December 2, 2010.
32.See, for example, “Pamfilova: Kremlin Enables ‘Endemic Corruption’ in North Caucasus,” The Other Russia, April 23, 2010, http://www.theotherrussia.org/2010/04/23/pamfilova-kremlin-enables-endemic-corruption-in-north-caucasus/.
33.“Chechen Official Puts Death Toll for 2 Wars at up to 160,000,” New York Times, August 16, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/15/world/europe/15iht-chech.html.
34.“Russia,” American Foreign Policy Council, World Almanac of Islamism, http://almanac.afpc.org/Russia.
35.Alexei Malashenko, as cited in “U Nikh Tut Portreti Putina, Medvedeva, No Oni za Shariat [Here they have portraits of Putin and Medvedev, but believe in Sharia],” Slon.ru, December 3, 2009, http://slon.ru/articles/203931/.
36.Charles King and Rajan Menon, “Prisoners of the Caucasus,” Foreign Affairs, July–August 2010, 29, 31; “Russia’s Medvedev: Caucasus Corruption Threatens State,” Reuters, May 19, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/05/19/idUSLDE64I2GB; “Medvedev Advocates Tough Corruption Measures for North Caucasus,” Russia Today, May 19, 2010, http://rt.com/politics/medvedev-measures-corruption-caucasus/.
37.“Russia’s Medvedev: Caucasus Corruption Threatens State,” Reuters, May 19, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/05/19/idUSLDE64I2GB; “Medvedev Advocates Tough Corruption Measures for North Caucasus,” Russia Today, May 19, 2010, http://rt.com/politics/medvedev-measures-corruption-caucasus/.
38.“Lider Shiitof-Azerbaijantsev v Tatarstane Poprosil u Presidenta Rossii Zashiti ot Vahhabitov [The leader of Azerbaijani Shiites in Tatarstan has asked the Russian President for Protection against Wahhabis],” Regnum, December 24, 2012, http://www.regnum.ru/news/fd-volga/tatarstan/1607876.html.
39.Gladilin, “Tatarstan Prevrashayetsa v Odnu iz Gorachikh Tochek Rossii [Tatarstan is becoming one of Russia’s flashpoints],” km.ru, December 26, 2012, http://www.km.ru/v-rossii/2012/12/26/prava-i-tsennosti-russkogonaseleniya-rossii/700628-tatarstan-prevrashchaetsya-v.
40.As cited in Hahn, Russia’s Islamic Threat(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 12.
41.“Russia,” American Foreign Policy Council, World Almanac of Islamism, http://almanac.afpc.org/Russia.
42.Ariel Cohen, “A Threat to the West: The Rise of Islamist Insurgency in the Northern Caucasus and Russia’s Inadequate Response,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, no. 2643 (March 26, 2012): http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/a-threat-to-the-west-the-rise-of-islamist-insurgency-in-the-northern-caucasus.
43.“Ekspert: Vliyaniyu Radicalnoi Islamistskoi Ideologii, k Sozheleniu, Podverzhenuy Vse [Expert: Everyone is, unfortunately, susceptible to radical Islamist ideology],” Regnum, December 25, 2012, http://www.regnum.ru/news/fd-volga/tatarstan/1608274.html.
CHAPTER FIVE
1.As cited in Mikhail A. Alexseev, Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe and the United States(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 95.
2.Siberia is made up of twelve federal subjects: the Altai Republic, Altai Krai, the Republic of Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, the Tuva Republic, and the Republic of Khakassia. The Far East is made up of nine: Amur Oblast, the Jewish Autonomous Region, Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakha Republic, Sakhalin Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, and Chukhotka Autonomous Okrug.
3.Herman Pirchner, The Russian-Chinese Border: Today’s Reality(Washington, D.C.: American Foreign Policy Council, August 2002), 5.
4.“Itogi perepisi naseleniya,” Vserossiiskaya perepis’ naseleniya, http://www.perepis-2010.ru/message-rosstat.php.
5.For total number of citizens in Heilongjiang, see “Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People’s Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census[1] (no. 2),” National Bureau of Statistics of China, April 11, 2009, http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm; for territory size, 180,000 square miles, see “Heilongjiang,” China Discover, http://www.chinadiscover.net/china-tour/heilongjiangguide/heilongjiang-maps.htm.